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CHAPTER III

ARIANISM

 

(a) The historians mentioned in the previous chapter; Athanasius, Orationes Con. Arianos, Hist. Arianorum, etc.; fragments of Philostorgius, the Arian historian.

(b) Gwatkin, Arian Controversy, 1889, a masterly authority; Newman, Arians of the Fourth Century, 1838—the 2nd edition, 1854, is unaltered, a vigorous but polemical treatise; Hefele, History of the Councils, Eng. Trans., vol. i., 1872.

 

Arianism caused the most serious division in the Church that has occurred during the whole course of the history of Christendom. It was the most momentous subject of controversy during the fourth century, the age of the greatest Fathers of the Eastern Church, the age of its keenest polemics and most masterly theological literature. The Nicene Creed, the essential standard of doctrine for the orthodox in the East, was formulated for the express purpose of excluding and crushing this heresy, which at times held its head so high, encouraged by imperial favour, that it threatened to dominate the Church and supplant the rival orthodox theology. So serious was the question deemed to be, that it was treated as of primary importance to the State, and the chief factor of politics throughout the century was the attitude of the emperors towards Arianism. During all this time it was essentially a question of the Eastern Church; the West was but little affected, although a protagonist in the controversy was Hosius of Cordova. Hilary of Poitiers was the only Western theologian of importance to take part in the controversy at this early stage. Much later, after Arianism had

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