cles. This work enchanted all thinkers, psy chiatrists, doctors, indeed, all men who dedi cate themselves to the search for signs of mad ness in the lives and works of eminent authors and artists. For Lombroso had striven in this book to prove scientifically how closely genius and madness are allied. As was the case with " Criminal Man," so here too the master's disciples strayed from the paths laid down by the pioneer, exaggerated his conclusions and carried them to absurd ex cesses. Lombroso had at last to raise his voice against the extravagances into which he was dragged. Besides various absurdities, there were published some careful serious studies having for their themes the lives of Napoleon I, Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, and Byron, in which it was made to appear that these men were all victims of heredity, and neither their virtues nor their vices were their own — studies of interest, academically considered, but of no tangible utility, and which did not add or detract one iota from the merits or demerits of their subjects. Against this method of dealing with men of genius as pathological subjects Mantegazza recently very rightly upraised his voice in the name of art, tradition, and history. Space does not permit of our naming Lombroso's varied and voluminous writings, whose enumeration any biographical diction ary can supply. " La Donna Delinquente" (The Criminal Woman), written in collabo ration with G. Ferrero, one of the most promising of the younger criminal anthro pologists, of which an incomplete and in adequate translation appeared in England, aroused a storm of discussion on its publi cation four years ago, and was especially at tacked by the adherents of the old methods. He has since published " The Anarchists," in which he also takes unusual views with re gard to these latter-day society pests — pests for whom society itself, as nowadays con ditioned, he holds as alone responsible — and " Crimeasa Society Function," which has aroused the fury of the clerical and moder
ate factions in Italy. Chips from the work shop of his extraordinarily prolific brain, ever evolving new ideas, new points of view, he scatters in the many articles he loves to write for English and American periodicals; but his most important scientific communi cations he reserves for the "Archivio di Psichiatria," which he edits together with Ferri and Garofolo. His work is by no means perfect: he is apt to jump too rapidly at conclusions, to accept data too lightly; thus he was led at the beginning to overestimate the atavistic element in the criminal, and at a later date he has pressed too strongly the epileptic affinities of crime. Still, when all is said and done, his work is undoubtedly epoch-making, and has opened up valuable new lines of investigation and suggested others. We said that Lombroso's first studies were directed to the pellagra, that strange and terrible disease which annually mows down such a vast number of victims in the fair land of northern Italy, and which is a lumi nous proof of the grave financial condition of the laborers in some of the most beauti ful and richest regions of the world. Con cerning this terrible illness, which densely populates Italian madhouses, all students of natural science have long been gravely oc cupied. For the terrible increase in lunacy noted by Italian statistics in the last five years the pellagra is largely responsible. Psychiatry, which has abandoned the old methods in Italy, is no longer a jailer em ploying the methods of an inquisitor, but a science that seeks for ultimate causes and remedies, and conjoined to economic and political science, endeavors to restore to so ciety a large contingent of forces which would otherwise be destroyed by disease. P^specially active in this department is Enrico Morselli, at present director of the hospital attached to the Genoa University. Morselli is in the flower of his life, and much may be still hoped from him. Like Lombroso, he is small of stature and square built; like
