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gists was held in Rome in 1885, which con "Crime and the Social Question" — with stituted the installation of international crimi the volumes on " Socialism and Criminality" ( 1883), now out of print, where I combated; nal anthropology in sight of the European I. Artistic and romantic socialism while public. The second was held at Paris in recognizing the fundamental truths of scien 1889. It was there that the scientific mis understanding arose, which was still more tific socialism. 2. The unilateral theory that crime is the product only of social factors, openly affirmed at the third congress held at Brussels in 1892, but was finally and con and that, therefore, with time it must cer clusively beaten down at Geneva at the tainly disappear. Continuing to maintain fourth congress in 1896; a result in a large these two propositions, even after my avowed measure due to Ferri's fascinating, all-per adhesion to scientific socialism, it has come suading eloquence. In a letter written to about that in Italy this unilateral thesis has me he has stated the whole matter so clearly gradually become abandoned even by social that I cannot do better ists. On the other hand, than reproduce the same: this thesis was taken up "As you know, the posi again in 1885 at the con tive school of criminal gress in Rome, and above studies was consolidated all in 1889 at Paris, and in Italy by the contem in 1892 at Brussels by the poraneous publication in French anthropological 1878 of the second volume criminal socialists — Laof the "Uomo Dclincassagne, Tarde, Topinard, quente," of my volume on Coree, etc. — who suc the " Imputableness and . ceeded in spreading the Negation of Free Will," belief that there exists a and of the pamphlet of French criminal anthropo Garofolo on the " Positive logical school founded on the theory that the crimi Criterion of Penalty." In these first affirmations there nal is an exclusively social naturally preponderated ' 1 phenomenon — a thesis the conclusions of Lomthat had, for the matter broso, which gave and of that, already been sus R. Garofolo. left on the public the tained in Italy by the so impression that the new school only studied cialists. It is thus that was circulated among the criminal from his organic side as a the international public, who cannot read biological monstrosity. Yet, in 1880, I Italian publications unless they are trans had published my studies on "Criminals lated, the impression that opposing the in France from 1826 to 1878," in which Italian school there was a French school; I expounded the natural factors of the three the former maintaining the exclusively bio orders of crime — anthropological, physical, logical origin of the criminal, while the latter and social — laying stress on the social regarded his genesis as exclusively social. causes that conduce to crime. As a reaction The congress at Geneva has cleared up this from the aforenamed impression in Italy, misunderstanding, which has lasted too long. Turati, Colajanni, and Battaglia published Crime is a phenomenon whose origin is both in 1882 to 1884 pamphlets and volumes biological and social. This is the final con maintaining that crime is an exclusively clusion which the Italian school has pro social phenomenon. I replied to Turati — claimed since the beginning of its existence."