EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT between states, the performance by a state litigant of any obligation to be imposed on that state by an international award may be the subject of a guarantee, and such guarantee may be either national or international. Another sanction which might be. added to this armory of international arbitration, is the general suspension of diplomatic rela tions with a state, after its persistent refusal to obey the award of an international tri bunal. Perhaps the nearest analogy to this would be found in the proceedings which in the Middle Ages might often be found to have been taken by the constituent members of a commercial confederation, like that of the Hanseatic Towns, in instances where there had been a refusal or neglect to comply with the rules of the league. The " unhansing" of a litigant state would not in any way imply ■anything in the nature of an act of war, that is to say, it would in no way affect the safety or condition of the citizens of or the inhabi tants in that state, whilst it would have the effect of, for the time being, excluding that state from the circle of international comity." INTERNATIONAL LAW. " Some Legal Aspects of the Submarine Cable and Wireless Telegraphy in War," by Charles L. Nordon in the Law Magazine and Review (V. xxxii, p. 166) discusses the problem yet unsettled in international law. As to cables, Mr. Nor don thinks the " proper solution of the ques tion no doubt lies in a judicious combination of the three principles of (1) Restriction of use without actual destruction: (2) Compen sation where destruction becomes absolutely necessary: and (3) Ree'stablishment after destruction. If belligerents are placed under liabilities of this character they are not likely to act without sufficient justification, and in all cases neutrals would appear to be pro tected so far as they can reasonably expect in the unsettled times of war." As to the still less settled question of wire less telegraphy, the author thinks the propo sition submitted by Sir Edward Fry should be adopted by the nation, viz: " That the sender of wireless telegraphic messages must send them at his own risk, and that any person may lawfully receive and interpret the same, provided that he does so at a place where he may lawfully be."
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INTERNATIONAL LAW (A Hague Court Decision). " The Muscat Dhows," by J. Westlake, discussing a decision of the Hague Court of Arbitration in a cause between Great Britain and France, in relation to the right of European powers to grant their protection to persons not their subjects. Law Quar terly Review (V. xxiii, p. 83). INTERNATIONAL LAW. "The Interna tional Law Association at Berlin," by Thomas Baty, Journal of Society of Comparative Legis lation (No. 16; p. 371). JURISPRUDENCE. "Responsibility in Law," by Rankine Wilson, in the Law Maga zine and Review (V. xxxii, p. 185), is an installment of an article begun in Vol. xxxi. It discusses the conditions of responsibility in the acts of a human being in a normal state of mind and in various states of abnormality, the former in all branches of the law, the latter in contract and tort, crime being left for separate treatment. JURISPRUDENCE (Mohammedan). The second installment of " A Historical Sketch of Mohammedan Jurisprudence," by Abdur Rahin, in the March Columbia Law Review (V. vii, p. 186), deals with the legislative period which began " After the Prophet's exile to Medina, when the community of his fol lowers grew sufficiently large to require rules and regulations for the guidance of their conduct. The Prophet was the messenger of God and to him he revealed in His own words His wishes and commands through the medium of the angel Gabriel. The collection of these revelations is called the Qur'an, but its text which existed from eternity was communi cated from time to time in pieces called Ayahs, or verses. The verses that lay down rules of law were mostly revealed when cases actually arose requiring decision according to the principles of Islam. Sometimes God in His wisdom repealed some previous in junctions and laid down others in their stead. Sanctions or rewards were attached to the violation or observance of God's ordinances and in many cases they were both spiritual and legal. "With the Prophet's death, which occurred in June, 632 a.d., the eleventh year of the Hijrah, a new era commenced. . . . There
