43
pathetic nerves of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera—thus separating the brain practically from all connection with these viscera, from the skin of the trunk and limbs, and the blood-vessels from the vaso-motor centre—yet these animals under appropriate stimuli exhibited indubitable signs and gestures expressive of pleasure, anger, fear, disgust, and the like. The same phenomena were observed even when in addition the vago-sympathetic nerves were divided, thereby rendering insensitive also the stomach, lungs, and heart itself. Unless we can assume with Ribot[1] that there is a memoire affective, and with Dewey[2] that there is a revival in idea of the organic states that have in past experience been habitually associated with particular feelings, we must admit from these experiments that, apart from all vascular and visceral effects, emotions and passions are capable of being felt and expressed, at least in the domain of the muscles of animal life, with all their appropriate and characteristic gestures. We can scarcely doubt, however, with James that such evis-
