covered for themselves. That "wine maketh merry the heart of man" is only a more picturesque statement of the truth I am endeavouring to convey in more didactic style. Pleasurable and painful emotions are thus not merely subjective states of consciousness, but at the same time objective corporeal conditions of exalted or depressed vital energy respectively, which manifest themselves not only in outward attitude and gestures but in the relative power of the organism to withstand debilitating agencies of all kinds. To promote the one and to combat the other is therefore to the physician not less important—and perhaps more a mark of therapeutic skill—than a judicious selection from the materia medica. There is thus a similarity, if not an identity, between the effects on the circulation of painful and pleasurable sensations and painful and pleasurable emotions, and at bottom they are probably based on the same physical substrata. Pain and pleasure are merely the subjective aspects of physiological conditions harmful or beneficial to the organism—a harmonious relation or the reverse between the processes of integration and disintegration.
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