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May, 1873.] THE TIRTHAHKARAS. 13(J he ought to marry. At first he refused, but after a deal of reviling and reproaching he con¬ sented, and Krishna selected for him R a j i - matt the daughter of Ugrasena of G i r - n a r ,—whose palace is still shewn, being a ruin near the J u na ga d h fort beside tho B hum- r i y o k u o. When the wedding day came and Neminfitha approached Juniigadh, he saw a flock of sheep and herds of cattle collected to be sacrificed for the people that had assembled to celebrate the wedding; the sheep were bleating piteously, and, struck with pity for them and the vanity of human happiness, and to save the lives of so many animals, he resolved to become an ascetic, gave up the world, and retired into the Girnar hills, followed by his intended bride, and there they both led a platonic life. The place on the Ujjinta peak where he is said to have died is considered sacred, and lias a chaff ri erected over it where his pagld or footprints are shown. Rajimati resided in a gup ha or cave to the south-west of the Neminatha Chattri.* “ He became an ascetic at the age of three hundred, at Dvarakfi (Magadhi Baravavae). He lived seven hundred years as an ascetic,—in all a thousand years. He was only fifty-five days an imperfect ascetic.”+ The date of his death was 84,000 years before the close of the fourth age. To him the mango-tree is sacred. 23. Parsva or Parsvanatha^ was son of King A s v a s e n a by Varna or B a m a Devi; of the race of Ikshwaku ; figured with a blue complexion, having a hooded snake (sesha- phani) for his cognizance, and is often re¬ presented as sitting under the expanded hoods of a snake with many heads, much like the so- called Naga figures at Ajanta and elsewhere. The Pdrsvandtha Charitra states that whilst Parsvanatha was engaged in his devotions his enemy K a m a t h a caused a great rain to fall upon him; but the serpent Dharanidhara came, and, asSeva nagari, overshadowed his head as with a chhatra. In the ^atruhjaya, Mahatmya Dharana the Naga king is re¬ • This account, by a Jaina priest, agrees with that given in the Satrunjaya MdhS.t. Sarg. XIII. f Stevenson, Kalpa Sutra, p. 98: In the Uttara Parana of the Southern Jainas, Krishna is styled TrikhandA- dhipati, or lord of three portions of the world, and he is the disciple of the Tirthankara Neminatha.—Wilson, Mack. Coll ■ vol. I. p. 146. J “ The life of this celebrated Jina, who was perhaps tho real founder of the sect, is tho subject of a poem entitled P&r&vanAtha Charitra.”—Colebrooke, Essays, ut sup. II. 212; Asiat. Res., vol. IX. p. 309. It was written by presented as approaching to worship Parsva while engaged in his second huyotsarga or pro¬ found meditation, at Sivapuri in the Kausam- baka forest, and holding his outspread hood (phana) over him as an umbrella. From this the town obtained the name of Ahichhatrd.§ His Sasanadevi was Padmavati. He was born at Bhelupura in the suburbs of Varanasi (Benares) ; married Prabhavati the daugh¬ ter of King Prasenaj ita; and, according to the Kalpa Sutra, “adopted an ascetic life, with three hundred others, when he was thirty yeais of ago, and for eighty days he practised auste¬ rities before arriving at perfect wisdom. He lived after this seventy years less eighty days, his whole term of life being one hundred years, after which he obtained liberation from passion and freedom from pain. He wore one garment, and had under his direction a large number of male and female ascetics. ” His death took place two hundred and fifty years before that of the last Tirthankara (i. e., b. c. 777). He died while, with thirty others, performing a fast on the top of Mount Sammeya or Samet Sikhar. j| 24. Vardham ana, also called V i r a , Maha- vie a, Vardhamanaprabhu, &c., and sur- named Gharama tirthakrit, or last of the Jinas, and emphatically Sramaha or the saint. Ho was the son of S i d d h ar t h a by T r i s a 1 a, •[ of the race ol Ikshvaku and family of Kasyapa; born at Chitrakot or Kundagrama, and described as of a golden complexion, having the lion (siiiha) as his cognizance. His Sasana was S l d d h a- yika devi. His life is the subject of the Kalpa Sutra, which professes to have been com¬ posed byBhadrabahu Svami of Anan- d a p u r a, now Bidnagar, in the reign of, Dru- vasena, 930 years after the death of Mahavira. —i. e. a. d. 454. Mahavira’s paternal uncle was Suparsva, his elder brother Nandivardhana, his sis¬ ter (mother of Jamali) S u d a r s an a. His wife was Yasdd.i, by whom he had a daughter named A n 6 j j a and Priyadarsana, who became Bruldha Tapa Qachha in Sam vat 1654, and occasionally calls this Jiua by tbe name of JagannCitha.—Delamaiue, Asiat. Trans, vol. I. pp. 428-436. § Mali. XIV. 31—35 Compare Bigandet, Legend of Oawlatna, 2nd ed. p. 99 (1st ea. p.69); Hardy?s Buddhism. p. 182. || Stevenson’s Kalpa SGtra, Chap. VII. pp. 97, 98. •jf Sec tbe story of bis birtb in Max Muller’s Hist. Sand;. Liter, p. 261, quoted from the Kalpa SAtra, pp. 35, 36., also an account of bis life in H. H. Wilson’s If orks, vol. I. pp. 291-304.