Fig. 13. Successions in a stream just outside the Sat Tal valley.
Zone 1. Floating aquatics. — Algae, Nitella, Utricularia, Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Lemna minor.
Zone 2. Rooted aquatics. — Typha angustata Chaub. and, Bory, Scirpus mucronatus L., Oenanthe stolonifera Wall., Polygonum spp.
Zone 3. Marsh vegetation. — Polygonum spp., Acorns Calamus L., and June us prismatocarpus Br. Panicum paspaloides Pers. extends horizontally through the rooted aquatic stage.
Zone 4. Wet meadow. — Hydrocotyle asiatica L„ Eleocharis congesta D. Don., Kyllingia brevifolia Bottb.
Zone 5. Berber is-Bosaceae pioneer stage to oak forest. May, 1919.
Fig. 14. Salix daplinoides Villars in the margin of Bhim Tal lake. Adventitious roots have developed just beneath the high water mark. The water is now at its lowest stage. May, 1918.
Fig. 15. Terrace-edge pioneers near Sat Tal at 4,500 ft. Mainly Berberis asiatica Boxb. and the rosaceous shrubs, Prinscpia utilis Boyle, Crataegus crenulata Boxb., and Bosa moschata Mill. May, 1919.
Fig. 16. Euphorpia Boyleana Boiss, a common xerarch pioneer on exposed situations. Sat Tal, 5,000 ft. June, 1919.
Fig. 17. Heptopleurumvenulosum Seem., a hemiepiphyte which embraces the trunks and branches of trees. Sat Tal, mainly in Bauhinia formation. May, 1919.
Fig. 18. Viscum japonicum Thunb, a hemiparasite, on a twig of Quercus incana. Sat Tal. May, 19,19.
Fig. 19. Ficus BumphiiBL, a hemiepiphyte, one of the " strang- ling figs ", with a network of roots embracing a tree trunk. This plant often strangles and displaces the tree on which it grows. Below Sat Tal, 3,000 ft. May, 1919.
Fig- 20. Epiphytic orchids on a branch of Nyctanthcs arbor- tristis, L. Monsoon forest, Sat Tal. May, 1921.
Fig. 21. Curcuma angustifolia Boxb., a scitaminaceous herb of the early monsoon season, growing from a fleshy rootstalk. Monsoon forest, Sat Tal, 4,500 ft. June, 1919.
