NEWCASTLE, LITTLE. 27 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. the bridge of Kenarth, famous throughout Wales for its salmon leap, at which 100 fish have been taken in a le morning. The Teifi, after entering the valley , the N.E., flows in a straight line till it arrives nearly underneath the castle walls ; it then takes a sudden turn, and instead of winding immediately round tin; foot of the castle hill, runs back again for a con- siderable distance nearly parallel with its former channel, it then sweeps in front of the castle, which it almost surrounds, as though by a natural moat. The arched gateway of the castle, about 14 feet high, is supported by two octagonal towers. Newcastle is the head of a Poor-law Union, and contains the union work- house, which is capable of accommodating 100 in- mates. Manorial courts are hold in the town. The living is a perpet cur. in the dioc. of St. David's, val. 71, in the patron, of the Vicar of Kenarth. The church is a small unpretending structure, and was formerly a chapel-of-ease to Cennart. There is also the district church of the Holy Trinity, the living of which is a perpet. cur., val. 150. The Calvinistic Methodists have a chapel. The Earl of Cawdor derives his second title of baron from this place. Friday is market day. Fairs are held on 23rd March, 10th May, 22nd June, 20th July, 20th August, 20th September, the second Friday after Michaelmas Day, and 22nd November, for cattle, horses, and sheep. NEWCASTLE, LITTLE, a par. in the hund. of Kemess, co. Pembroke, 8 miles N. of Haverfordwest, its post town, and 10 from Newport. The village, which is small, is situated on the river Cleddy. In the neigh- bourhood is an intermittent spring called the Golden Well, also the ruins of two forts. The living is a perpet. cur. in the dioc. of St. David's, val. 54. The church is dedicated to St. Peter. Fairs are held on the 6th May and 10th July. NEWCASTLE, LOWER, a par. and post-office vil. in the bar. of Newcastle, co. Wicklow, prov. of Leinster, >nd, 2i miles S. of Kilcoole. It is a station on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wcxford line. The par. is 3 miles long by 2J broad. The surface is principally flat and of small value. The living is a vie. in the dioc. of Dublin, in the patron, of tlio archbishop. The church stands in the village. Tho Roman Catholic chapel is united to that of Delgany. There are several day schools. Woodstock is the residence of Lord Tottenham. In the parish are ruins of a castle and of a church. The village stands on the road from Bray to Wieklow. Fairs are held on 1st April, 10th July, 1st September, and 6th December. NK VCASTLE-LYONS, a par. in the bar. of New- castle, co. Dublin, prov. of Leinster, Ireland. Eathcoole is its post town. It is 4 miles long by 2 broad. The soil is mostly of first-rate quality. The road from Dublin to Limerick and the Grand canal pass through the parish. Tho living is a rect. in the dioc. of Dublin, val. 252, in the patron, of the archbishop. The village was nominally a borough, chartered in the time of s I., and sent two members to the Irish parliament a the Union. There is a dispensary within the ridge poor-law union. Within the parish are ruins of an ancient castle.
- WCASTLE- UNDEK-LYME, a par., market town,
municipal and parliamentary borough, in the hund. of .ill, co. Stafford, 15 miles N. by W. of Stafford, 40 Manchester, and 150 miles by road from London, or 117 by the North Staffordshire railway, on which it is a station. It is a very ancient town, having been a of some note before the Norman conquest, but u by another name. Its present appellation of astlo was derived from a castlo built hero by trr, in place of tho old castlo at > Tt'in. The suffix of undcr-Lyme is supposed to by, so called ficun hire. Henry II. granted the first charter of incorporation to thot"v.n, which is situated on a small stream called tlir ' I-, at a short distance fnun the- s .tirco of tho Trent. It lias many and easy communications with the pottery VOL. III. districts and other important places, and until recently was looked upon as the capital of the pottery district, but Stoke-upon-Trent is now considered so. The High- street is spacious, but the streets generally are irregular, though well paved, and tho houses for the most part are good. It is well supplied with water by the North Staffordshire and other water-works, and lighted with gas. The population in 1851 -was 10,569, occupying 2,153 inhabited houses, which in 1861 had increased to 12,938; with 2,659 inhabited houses. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the corn and flour trade, and in the manufacture of shoes and hats, but this last has recently declined. A considerable business is also done in cotton -spinning and silk -throwing, and in malting, brewing, and tanning, and in tho potteries and watchmaking. There are also very large paper- mills, and a few nail and pipe makers. Tho principal buildings arc, the townhaM, a structure of brick and stone, with a clock tower ; tho theatre, a commodious building ; the literary and scientific institute, erected in 1836, with a library containing 5,000 volumes; and a museum. The borough has returned two members to parliament since the reign of Edward III. It is governed by a mayor, six aldermen, and 18 coun- cillors, with tho style of " mayor, bailiffs, and burgesses of Newcastle-under-Lyme." The living is a rect.* in tho dioc. of Lichfield, val. 285, in the patron, of Simeon's Trustees. Tho church, which is dedicated to St. Giles, was almost wholly rebuilt in the beginning of tho last century, though tho lower, of red sandstone, is very ancient, and the western gateway is of tho Norman period. Tho tower contains nine bells, and a clock with musical chimes. There is also tho district church of St. George, the living of which is a perpet. cur., val. 230. Tho church of St. George was erected in 1S28, at a cost of 8,000. Half of the sittings are free. There are also places of worship for Koman Catholics, Baptists, Independents, Wesleyans, and Primitive Methodists. Besides the grammar school, which was founded in 1G02, with an annual income of about 90, there are also National, infant, and British schools, which last were built by subscription in 1834. Almshouses for 20 poor women were founded in 1687 by Christopher, son of George Monk, tho famous Duke of Albemarle. The Duchess of Sutherland has the right of nominating reci- pients for this charity. Newcastlo-under-Lyme Poor- law Union comprises nine parishes. Tho union work- house is a largo building in tho Elizabethan style, built in 1840, at a cost of about 7,000. A court of quarter sessions is held at tho townhall, also tho county court monthly, and petty sessions are held weekly. The Grand Trunk canal passes close to the town, and com- municates with the Trent, Severn, Mersey, and Thames. It has a branch to Stoke, and there is a canal from tho adjoining coal mines called the Newcastle Lower canal. The market-place is extensive, and the tolls realise over 700 per annum. A local board of health has lately been established, which has greatly benefited the town by en- closing about 5 acres of open space around it, and laying out and planting them as public promenades. Major- General Harrison was born here, as also Astley, " the handsome dragoon," and founder of Astley's Theatre; Bradshaw, tho regicide, was recorder of this town, and tho celebrated butcher, Witrings, who could lift 1GH Ibs. with his teeth, was also a native. It gives tho title of duke to the Clinton family. Market days are Mondays and Saturdays. Fairs are held on Shrove Tuesday, Easter and Whit Mondays, tho Mondays before loth July and llth September, and first Mondays in Novem- L i . Kaees take place once a year. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, one of the most ancient and distinguished seaports in Britain, also a post and market town, municipal and parliamentary borough, and a co. of itself, though locally situated in the southern div. of Northumberland, of which it is tho county town, 15 miles N. of Durham, 158 S.K. ' v, and 275 N. of London. It lias :i central railway station in Neville-street for the joint unc. of the North-Eastera and Ncwcastle-upon-Tyno
