groups they may be placed. The former fact is expressed by saying that addition is communitative, and the latter by saying that addition is associative. For a further discussion see article Associative Law.
AD'DLED PAR'LIAMENT, The. A name given to second parliament of James I. of England, 1614, because it did not produce a single statute. It holds, nevertheless, a noteworthy place in the history of constitutional liberty. Its members were chosen at a contested election, the first which had occurred for many
years. The principle at issue was the right of
parliament to grant all sup])lies. The patri-
otic |)arty was victorious. It is significant that
three hundred members, or about two-thirds of
the entire number, were then elected for the first
time, among these new men were John Pym
ami Sir Thomas Wentworth, each destined to
take a leading part in the coming struggle.
After a two-months' session the parliament was
dissolved by the King, because it declined to grant
him a supply of money without a proper settle-
ment of the question of the imposts.
ADDRESS', Forms of. See Forms of Address.
A'DEE, Alvev AroiSTi-s (1842—). An
.American official. lie was born at Astoria. N. Y.
In 1.S70 he was appointed secretary of lega-
tion at Madrid, and in 1S78 chief of the diplo-
matic bureau at Wasliington. lie served from
1882 to 1880 as third assistant secretary of
state, and in tlic latter year was promoted to
be second assistant, lie was acting Secretary
of State during a portion of the Chinese trouble
in 1000.
AD'ELAAR (Norw. The Ragle). An appel-
lation of Curt Sivertsen (1022-7.5), one of the
greatest naval eommanders of the seventeenth
century. He was born at Brevig, in Korway,
and in his twentieth j'ear was employed in the
naval service of Venice against the Turks. On
one occasion he liroke through a line of sixty-
seven Turkish galleys which surrounded his ship,
sank fifteen, and burned several others. Fred-
eric III. engaged him as admiral of the Danish
fleet; and in 1075, under Christian V.. he took
the command of the whole of the Danisli naval
force against Sweden, but died suddenly at
Copenhagen before the expedition set out. Con-
sult Rrunn, Curl Sh-crlsen Addaar (Copenhagen,
1875).
AD'ELAIDE., The capital of South Aus-
tralia, on the Torrens, 7 miles by rail from its
harbor. Tort .delaide, on the Oiilf of St. Vin-
cent, and .508 miles northwest of ihdbourne
(Map: .ustrnlia, F 5). It has a large trade
in agricultural produce and wool; lead and cop-
per are mined in the vicinity, and its industries
include iron foundries, potteries, tanneries, brew-
eries, woolen, starch, and soap factories. The
Torrens. artificially converted into a fine river,
spanned by several bridges, divides the town
into north and south .deloide. The streets are
broad and regularly laid out. The chief pulilic
buildings are the government building-, parlia-
ment houses, town hall, post office, the South
Australian Institute, and governor's residence.
It is the seat of a United States consular agent,
the see of .Anglican and Catholic bishops, eon-
tains nuinerous churches, .a university with
three colleges, a meteorological observatory, and
extensive botanical gardens, including a museum
of economic botany. The town is encircled by
the reserveil park laiid-s half a mile wide. Large
waterworks and reservoirs, from six to seven
miles distant, which abundantly supply the city,
are the property of the .South Australian gov-
ernment, which al.so owns the Adelaide ceme-
teries. The city owns abattoirs, four markets
yielding an annual income of $100,000, main-
tains its parks, which cover 2.{00 acres, and
supports a fire brigade. Founded in IS.Sli. the
city was named after .Adelaide, queen of Wil-
lia'm IV. Pop.. 1801. 37.800. including suburbs,
l:i:!,000: inoi. i0.200, including suburbs, 102,200.
Port Adelaide, its port, protected by two forts,
has a safe and coniinodious harbor, with a dock
of five acres for ocean steamers, and a quayiige
of 12,903 feet. It is a port of call for European
vessels. Pop.. 5000. Consult: «. T. Fllery,
"Greater .Adelaide," in Mitnicipal Bxlcimion
(Adelaide, 1800): '"City of Adelaide," in Muni-
ciiicil Journal, IX., 237 (London, 1000).
ADELAIDE, u'dft'la'ed', ErcfixiE Lom.sE
( 1777-1847 ) . Princess of Orleiins, sister of Louis
Pliilipjie. Proscribed in the devolution as an vmi-
grcc, she sought refuge in the Netherlands, Swit-
zerland, and Cermany (1793). Ten years later
she met her brother in Spain, and was with
him until the Restoration, using her influence
to ivduee him to accept the crown. From 1830
to 1847 slie ])la}ed an intluential part in politics.
AD'ELARD, or ÆTH'ELHARD, OF BATH. An Knglisli philosophical writer who lived about the beginning of llie twelfth century. He is said to have studied at Tours and Laon. His works include I'erdifjicilcii QiKrstioiic.i Xaturates (printed toward the end of the fifteenth
century); De Eodem ct Dircrso (before IIIO),
an allegory in which worldliness and philosophy
are represented as endeavoring to win the soul
of man; and a Latin translation of Euclid
(pi'inted 1482), made at a time when that work
was almost unknown in western Kurope. He
also translated and wrote several other treatises
on mathematical and medical subjects which are
to be seen in MSS. in the libraries of Corpus
Cbristi and Trinity Colleges, Oxford.
AD'ELBERT COL'LEGE. See Western Reserve University.
AD'ELOCHOR'DA, or 'HEM'ICHOR'DA
(Gk. (ii!;/>of, (idrltjs, unclear, invisible + '/,"'-,
hCmi-, half -f Lat. (Iiordd, a cord, a dorsal nerv-
ous cord). .A subclass of the Chordata. includ-
ing Balanoglossus and its allies. See Balano-
Gi-ossi s. and I'late of .Asc'iDiAXS.
ADEL'PHI, The (from Gk. afieXol, tidelphoi, brothers). A locality in London between the Strand and the Thames Embankment, a little distance east of Charing Cross. The name came from the fact that the Adelphi Terrace, which lies in it, was laid out in 1708 by the
brothers .Adam, whose names appear in Adam Street, Tallies Street, William Street, John Street,:ind Roliert Street.
ADELPHI COL'LEGE. An American college, situated at 66 St. James Place, Brooklyn. New York City. It was incorporated 1890, grants the degrees A.B. and B.S., and maintains subordinate normal, art, and musical departments, besides a preparatory academy. It has a library of 8000 volumes;' faculty. 'lOOl. 34; students, lOli collegiate, 22 norinal. 100 art. and 30 music.
