are also held by private individuals and clubs as recreation grounds. Forestry has received much attention from the State authorities.
Summer Resorts. The Adirondack region is one of the most important places for summer recreation for the dwellers in cities of the north- eastern United States, and many thousands turn annually to it. Lake George, Schroon Lake, Lake Placid, the Saranacs, the Fulton chain, Long Lake, the Keene Valley, and dozens of other localities attract their habitual visitors. The climate is especially adapted to the treat- ment of pulmonary complaints. Saranac Lake, with its well-known sanitarium, is the chief re- sort. The establishment of State sanitariums has received favorable consideration from the State government.
Bibliography. For geology and mineral resources, see Reports of the New York State Geologist, and Bulletins of the New York State Museum, especially those since 1888, containing papers by J. F. Kemp, C. H. Smyth, Jr., H. P. Gushing, and others. For botany, see Reports of the State Botanist, and especially Bulletin 28 of the State Museum. For forestry, see Reports of the State Forestry Commission. All these are published at Albany.
AD'IT (Lat. aditus, access, approach). A nearly horizontal passage opened for the purpose of draining a mine. Incidentally, an adit may also serve in exploring the rock through which it passes. Filled with water, adits are often used as canals, by which the products of mines may be transported. Water raised from a depth greater than that reached by the adit is discharged through it, saving the cost of raising it still farther to the top of the shaft. An adit in Cornwall opens at the level of the sea, and extends inland about 30 miles, draining the district of Gwennap. It meets some shafts at the depth of 400 feet. The Ernst August adit in the Hartz Mountains, completed in 1864, is 13 miles long. The Joseph II. adit at Schemnitz, in Hungary, is 10 feet high, 5¼ feet wide, extends 10 miles to the valley of the Gran, and is used as a canal and railway passage. The Sutro Tunnel, draining the Comstock lode in Nevada, is 4 miles long.
ADIVE'. The Tibetan fox. See Fox.
AD'JECTIVE (Lat. adjectivum, from ad, to
+ jacere, to throw, add, literal translation of
the Gk. (
Greek characters), epithetikon, something added).
One of the parts of speech in grammar, a word
joined to a substantive to extend its meaning
and to limit its application. When tall is joined
to man there are more properties suggested to
the mind by the compound tall man than by the
simple name man : but tall man is not applicable
to so many individuals as man, for all men that
are not tall are excluded. Adjectives are vari-
ously classified. The following classification is
simple and sufficiently complete: Descriptive
adjectives, or adjectives of quality and of quan-
tity, and pronominal adjectives. The articles
(q.v.) are sometimes included in this class. Nouns,
or names of things, are often used in English as
adjectives; thus.'we say a silver chain, a stone
tcall. In .such expressions as "income-tax assess-
ment bill," income plays the part of an adjective
to tax, which is, in the first place, a noun : the
two together then form a sort of compound adjec-
tive to assessment ; and the three, taken together,
a still more compound adjective to bill, which,
syntactically, is the only noun in the expression.
Languages dilTer much in their way of vising
adjectives. In English the usual place of the
adjective, when it is not in the predicate, is
before the noun. This is also the case in Ger-
man ; but in French and Italian it may follow.
In these languages, again, the adjective is varied
for gender and number, and in the German for
case also. In English it is now invariable, and
in this simplicity there is a decided superiority;
for in modern languages these changes in the ad-
jective serve no purpose. The only modification
of which the modern English adjective is capable
is for degrees of comparison.
ADJECTIVE COL'ORS. Those colors in dyeing which are fixed by a base or mordant to render them permanent, as distinguished from substantive colors, in which the dye in its natural hue is fixed without the use of a mordant.
ADJECTIVE LAW. The term applied to the rules of law relating to procedure, as distinguished from substantive law (see Substantive Law), which is the term applied to the common law rules of right which courts are called upon to enforce. Thus, the rule that the owner of real estate is entitled to recover damages for trespass upon it is a rule of substantive law; but the rules determining to which court he should apply for relief and the method he should adopt to obtain it are rules of adjective law. Adjective law thus comprehends the law of the forum, including the conflict of laws, pleading, evidence, rules regulating admission to the bar, and rules for the conduct of cases in and out of court. Consult: Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence (ninth edition, London, 1900; first American edition, New York. 1896).
ADJU'DICA'TION (Lat. adjudicare, to adjudge). The judicial determination of a question; applied most frequently in English law to the decision that a person is a bankrupt. In the Federal Bankruptcy Act of 1898 it is defined as "the date of the entry of a decree that the defendant, in a bankruptcy proceeding, is a bankrupt." It is often used also in the phrase "former adjudication," the rule being that persons shall not relitigate a matter which has been the subject of a former adjudication between them. See Judgment and Res Judicata, with the authorities there referred to.
ADJUST'MENT. In the law of insurance, the act of ascertaining the exact amount of indemnity which the party insured is entitled to receive under the policy, and of fixing the proportion of the loss to be borne by each underwriter. The nature and amount of damage being ascertained, an indorsement is made on the back of the policy, declaring the proportion of loss falling on each underwriter, and on this indorsement being signed by the underwriters the loss is said to have been adjusted. There has been some difference of opinion as to the nature of the obligation incurred by the underwriter upon agreeing to and subscribing to the adjustment; but it is now settled that the act is not absolutely conclusive upon him, but creates only a contract obligation, from which he may free himself upon proof of fraud, mistake, misrepresentation, etc. For the particular applications of the doctrine to marine insurance, where it is of most importance, see Average. Consult Arnould On Marine Insurance (London, 1901). See Marine Insurance.
