ish Empire. He was born at Hanover, Germany, and was educated at London, Prague, and Leipzig, where he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1862. Soon after the rabbinical diploma had been conferred on him at Prague he was appointed principal of the Jews' College, London (1863), where, notwithstanding his appointment as minister of the Bayswater Synagogue in 1864, he remained as tutor of theology until 1879, and upon his unanimous election as chief rabbi of the United Congregations of the British Empire in 1891 he became president of the college with which he had so long been associated. Afterward he became minister of the Cathedral Synagogue in Duke's Place. Dr. Adler has published a large number of essays, such as Ibn Gabirol and His Relations to Scholastic Philosophy (University College Essays, 1864), and Can Jews Be Patriots? (a reply to Goldwin Smith, Nineteenth Century, 1878).
ADLER, Nathan Marcus (1803-90). Chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire. He was born in Hanover, and educated at the universities of Göttingen, Erlangen. and Würzburg. He was appointed chief rabbi of Oldenburg (1830), of Hanover and the provinces a year later, and in 1845, chief rabbi of the British Empire. He was one of the organizers of Jewish schools in London and the provinces; he joined Sir Moses Montefiore in his appeal for the Holy Land, by which £20,000 was raised; was one of the founders of the "United Synagogue," a federation of the principal synagogues, and founder and first president of the Jews' College, London. He published several important Hebrew works, among them Netinah la-Ger, a commentary on the Targum of Onkelos, besides several volumes of sermons, including Sermons on the Jewish Faith.
ADLER, Samuel (1809-91). A German-
American rabbi and author, born at Worms, Ger-
many. He studied at the universities of Bonn
and Giessen, and from 1842 to 1857 was rabbi of
congregations in Alzey and vicinity. From 1857
to 1874 he was rabbi of the congregation Emanu-
El of New York City. He was a learned Tal-
mudic scholar and an earnest progressionist.
His works include Jewish Conference Papers
(1880), Benedictions (1882), and Kobez 'al Yad
(Collections, 1886).
ADLERBERG, ad'ler-berK, Vladimir Fiodorovich, Count (1790-1884). A Russian statesman, born in St. Petersburg. In 1817 he was
adjutant to the Grand Duke Nicholas, and later,
for his devotion during the Decembrist revolu-
tion in 1825, became major-general, accompany-
ing the Emperor during the Turkish campaign
in 1828. Made postmaster-general in 1841, he
distinguished himself by many reforms in the
service. He was made general of infantry in
1843, count in 1847, and in 1852 minister of
the imperial household, in constant attendance
on the emperor, and kept the position under
Alexander II., retiring in 1872 on account of
old age.
ADLERCREUTZ, ad’ler-kroits, Karl Johan, Count (1757-1815). A Swedish general and statesman, born in Finland. He was defeated in Finland by the Russians in 1808 and his estates were confiscated. With Georg Adlersparre he brought about the overthrow of Gustavus IV., who was succeeded on the Swedish throne by Charles XIII. Later the two generals quarreled, and Adlersparre was disgraced, while Adlercreutz remained in favor and was made a count in 1814.
ADLERSPARRE, ad'lers-pa'rc. Georg, Count (1760-1835). A Swedish general and statesman. He was educated at the University of Upsala. Entering the army, he took part in the war against Russia in 1788 and then in the campaigns against Norway. After the death of Gustavus III. he withdrew from the army and devoted himself to the study of political economy. He reëntered military service in 1808 and fought against Russia; and the next year joined with Adlercreutz in the movement to elevate Charles XIII. to the Swedish throne. In 1810, finding himself succeeded in the new king's favor by his rival Adlercreutz (q.v.), he withdrew from court. In 1831 he was fined for publishing secret State papers, including his correspondence with Charles XIII.
AD LIB'ITUM (Lat. at will, Ital. a piaeere,
a piacinicnto). In music, a term indicating
that the part, accompaniment, embellisltment,
or instrument may be omitted or retained at
the discretion or taste of the performer. Thus,
a song written with 'cello accompaniment ad
libitum may be sung to the piano accompaniment
alone or with the 'cello added. The term also
denotes liberty in tempo and rhythm. See
Accompaniment.
ADMEAS'D'REMENT. See Measurement of Ship's.
ADMEASUREMENT OF DOWER (Lat. ad, to + measurement) . In English law, an ancient writ by which an heir could obtain redress against the widow of his ancestor in case
the heir or his guardian had, during the heir's minority, assigned to her more land as her dower than she was entitled to. The writ has been superseded by simpler forms of action : but the remedy, often under the same title, still remains wherever the common law principle of dower (q.v.) is recognized. Consult: Scribner, Treat-
ise on the Laio of Dower (Philadelphia, 1883) ;
and Roper, Treatise on the Law of Property
Arisinij from the Relation Between Husband and
Wife (Philadelphia, 1841).
ADME'TUS (Gk. (
Greek characters), Admetos). A
mythical king of Pheræ, in Thessaly. He was
in the Calydonian hunt and the Argonautic expe-
dition. By the aid of Apollo, who was his
herdsman during a year of banishment from
Olympus, he won Alcestis, daughter of Pelias.
Apollo also procured him a prolongation of life,
if another would die in his stead. Alcestis con-
sented, but was sent back from the lower world
by Persephone, or rescued by Hercules from
death at the tomb itself. The story forms the
subject of a celebrated drama by Euripides (q.v.)
which is still extant. Compare Browning, Balaustion's Adventure (London, 1871).
AD'MI. Cuvier's gazelle. See Gazelle.
ADMIN'ISTRA'TION (Lat. ad, to + ministrare, to attend, manage). In general, the management or conduct of any business: especially, in politics, executive government. In its broadest sense, in public affairs, it means the full activity of the government engaged in the practical exercise of its authority in conformity with the constitution of the nation. But, according to a usage quite general, administration refers only
