lege, admission to which can be obtained only with the approval of those who are already mem- bers. The French advocate possesses the same privileges as to irresponsibility for his advice, and for the facts contained in his instructions, which belong to members of the corresponding branch of the legal profession in Great Britain. As he has no action for his fees, they are re- quired to be paid in advance. His functions correspond to those of the counsel, as distin- guished from the attorney-at-law, in the United States. In Belgium, in Geneva, and also in those of the German States in which the Code Napoléon has been adopted, the organization and discipline of this branch of the legal profession are similar to those which prevail in France. In the other German States, with the exception of Saxony, the formation of the advocates into a body has been perseveringly resisted by the governments. See Attorney.
ADVOCATE, Lord. The public prosecutor of
crimes in Scotland, senior counsel for the crown
in civil causes, and a political functionary of
great importance in the administration of Scot-
tish affairs. He may issue warrants of arrest
and imprisonment in any part of Scotland, is
entitled to plead within the bar, and possesses
many other discretionary and indefinite powers.
He is a member of Parliament, and, as first law-
officer of the crown for Scotland, is expected to
answer all questions relating to the business of
Scotland, and to take the superintendence of
legislation for that portion of the United King-
dom. The corresponding office in the English
system, that of the king's or queen's advocate,
once of equal dignity and importance, has lately
become obsolete, and its functions devolve upon
the attorney-general and the solicitor-general
(q.v.). In some of the English colonies and
in the Indian presidencies, however, the title
advocate is retained to describe the chief law
officer of the crown. Consult Bell, Dictionary and Digest of Law of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1890).
AD'VOCATES, Faculty of. An incorporated society in Scotland, composed of about four hundred lawyers who practice in the highest courts. Applicants for admission are required to pass an examination following a prescribed course of study. From the membership vacancies on the bench are supplied.
AD'VOCA'TUS DIAB'OLI (Lat. the devil's advocate). In the Roman Catholic Church, when it is proposed that a sanctified person shall be canonized, an examination of his past life takes place. In this process one party holds the office of accuser, or advocatus diaboli, and it is his duty to bring forward all possible objections against the proposed canonization: while, on the other side, the advocatus Dei (God's advocate) undertakes the defense. Hence the term advocatus diaboli has been applied to designate any person who brings forward malicious accusations. See Canonization.
ADVOW'SON (A. Fr. advoëson, O. F. avoeson, patronage, from Lat. advocatio, legal assistance). In English law, the right, as patron, to present or appoint a curate to a church or ecclesiastical benefice. Advowsons are either appendant or in gross. Lords of manors were originally the only founders and the only patrons of churches, and the advowsons, when created, were usually made an incident or appurtenance to the manorial estate, which would pass with it upon alienation. So long as the advowson continues annexed or appended to the manor, it is called an advowson appendant. Such rights are conveyed with the manor as incident thereto by a grant of the manor only, without adding any other words. But where the advowson is created independently of the manor, or has been once separated from the property of the manor by legal conveyance, it is called an advowson in gross or at large. It is thus no longer incident to the property of the manor, and may be conveyed and disposed of independently of it. Advowsons are classed by Blackstone as the first of the incorporeal hereditaments, and they still constitute in England an important class of property interests. They do not exist in the United States. Consult: Stephen, New Commentaries on the Laws of England (thirteenth edition, London, 1899), and Phillimore, Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England (second edition, London, 1895).
ADYE, "I'dl. Sir John Miller (1819-1900).
An English soldier. He was educated at the
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, entered the
roval artillerv in is:?(l."and was assistant adju-
tant-general oi the royal artillery in the Crimean
War. He also served during the Indian mutiny
in several important actions, and in various
other Indian campaigns. He was director-general
of artillery from 1870 to 1875, and from 1875
to 1880 governor of the Royal Military Academy
at Woolwich. He was promoted in 1879 to be lieutenant-general, and was governor of Gibraltar from 1883 to 1886, when he retired from active service. He published The Defense of Cawnpore (1858); Sitana: a Mountain Campaign, Recollections of a Military Life (London, 1895), and Indian Frontier Policy (1897).
AD'YTUM (Lat. from Gk. ἄδυτον, adyton, the innermost sanctuary, from ἀ, a, priv. + δύειν, dyein, to enter). The most sacred part of a building, usually associated with secrecy and darkness, because in Greek and Egyptian temples, with which the term originated, it designated a furthermost recess not accessible to the people. See Temple.
ADZE. See Axe.
ÆACIDES, f-;'is'i-dez (Gk. Αἰακίδης, Aiakides). A patronymic of Achilles, as the descendant of Æacus, his grandfather.
Æ'ACUS (Gk. Αἰακός, Aiakos). The fabled son of Zeus and Ægina, and king of Ægina; the father of Telamon and Peleus. He was so renowned for justice that not only men but the gods sought for his decisions, after death, Pluto made him one of the judges in Hades.
AEBY, e'b'. Christoph Theodor (1835-85). A Swiss anatomist and anthropologist, born near Pfalzburg. Lorraine. He studied medicine at Basel and Göttingen. In 1863, he was made professor of anatomy at Bern, and in 1884 at the University of Prague. He is best known for his contributions to anthropology, which include a new and valuable craniometric method. He also demonstrated the influence of atmospheric pressure on the several joints of the human body. His published works include: Untersuchungen über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in der quergestreiften Muskelfaser (Brunswick, 1862); Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Schädelform von Menschen und
