Trimen, South African Butterflies, 3 volumes (London, 1887-89); Distant, A Naturalist in the Transvaal (London, 1892); Kingsley, Travels in West Africa (London, 1897), which contains Dr. Gunther's report on reptiles and fishes and Kirby's report on the Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera collected by Miss Kingsley; Sturnay, “Katalog der bisher bekannt gewordenen süd-afrikanischen Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken,” in Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Denkschrifen, Volume LXVII. (Vienna, 1899). Valuable works on the African climate are: Hann, Handbuch der Klimatologie (Stuttgart, 1897); id., “Atlas der Meteorologie,” in Berghaus, Physikalischer Atlas (Gotha, 1888); Ravenstein, “The Climatology of Africa,” in Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1897 and 1899 (London, 1898, 1900); Bartholomew, Physical Atlas, volume on “Meteorology” (London, 1901). The volumes of the Zeitschrift der oesterreichischen Gesellschaft für Meteorologie (Vienna, 1866-85) and of the Meteorologische Zeitschrift (Berlin, 1884 et seq.) contain many reports of meteorological observations made at places in all parts of Africa.
On geology, consult: Neumayr, Erdgeschichte (Leipzig, 1885-87); Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde (Leipzig, 1888-1901); Chavanne, Afrika im Lichte unserer Tage: Bodengestalt und geologischer Bau (Vienna, 1881); Thomson, “Notes on the Geology of East Central Africa,” in To the Central African Lakes (London, 1881); Lenz, “Geologische Karte von West Afrika,” in Petermann's Mitteilungen, Tafel 1. (Gotha, 1882); Moulle, Memoire sur la géologie générale et sur les mines de diamants de l'Afrique du Sud (Paris, 1885); Schenck, “Geologische Skizze von Süd Afrika,” in Petermann's Mitteilungen. Tafel 13 (Gotha, 1888); Blanckenhorn, “Die geognostischen Verhältnisse von Afrika,” in Petermann's Mitteilungen. Ergänzungsheft, Volume XX. (Gotha, 1888); Höhnel, Rosiwal, Toula, and Suess, Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntnis des östlichen Afrika (Vienna, 1891); Scott and Gregory, “The Geology of Mount Ruwenzori and Some Adjoining Regions of Equatorial Africa,” in Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Volume LI. (London, 1895); Moolengraff, “Die Reihenfolge und Correlation der geologischen Formationen in Süd Afrika,” in Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie (Stuttgart, 1900); Geological Map of North Africa (Zürich, 1896).
Among the numerous books dealing with African travel and exploration, may be mentioned: Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa (London, 1856); Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (New York, 1858); id., Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries, and the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-64 (London, 1865); id., The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, edited by Waller (London, 1874); Rohlfs, Quer durch Afrika (Leipzig, 1874-75), a journey from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Chad and to the Gulf of Guinea; Cameron, Across Africa (New York, 1877), a journal of a journey from Zanzibar to Benguela, and a valuable record of the habits of the natives; Stanley, Through the Dark Continent (New York, 1878); Holub, Seven Years in South Africa, translated by Frewer (London, 1881); Pinto, How I Crossed Africa, translated by Elwes (Philadelphia, 1881); Drummond, Tropical Africa (New York, 1888); Junker, Reisen in Afrika (Vienna, 1889-91), translated by Keane (London, 1890-92); Stanley, In Darkest Africa (New York, 1890), an account of the quest, rescue and retreat of Emin Pasha; Casati, Ten Years in Equatoria, translated by Clay and Landor (London, 1891); Peters, New Light on Dark Africa, translated by Dulchen (London, 1891), the narrative of the German Emin Pasha expedition; Johnston, Livingstone and the Exploration of Central Africa (London, 1891); Bryce, Impressions of South Africa (New York, 1897); Loyd, In Dwarf Land and Cannibal Country (London, 1899).
AFRICAINE, L’, lȧ′frē̇′-kā̇n′ (Fr., The African). A French opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer (q.v.) . The words are by Scribe, and it was produced in Paris, April 28, 1865, a year after the composer's death.
AF′RICAN′DER. See Afrikander.
AF′RICAN HAIR. See Chamærops.
AFRICAN IN′TERNA′TIONAL ASSO′CIA′TION. In 1876 the King of Belgium called a conference at Brussels of geographers and explorers to consider means for the opening up of Africa to civilization, and there the African International Association was formed, with the object of establishing stations for scientific purposes in Eastern Africa. When H. M. Stanley in 1877 revealed the magnitude and importance of the fertile Congo basin, a second conference was assembled at Brussels, at which the African International Association made plans which extended its field of operation over the newly explored territory. But the greed of the different nations, awakened by the dazzling territorial and commercial prospects the Congo basin afforded, brought about endless disputes, until at length it was decided, by the mutual consent of all the great powers, including the United States, to leave the final adjustment of the difficulties to an international conference in Berlin. The conference opened at Berlin, November 17, 1884, with Prince Bismarck in the chair, and ended its labors February 26, 1885. Fifteen States were represented. As a result of mutual compromises, it was declared that the immense regions forming the basin of the Congo River and its tributaries shall be neutral territory, that perfectly free trade shall exist there, that citizens of any country may undertake every species of transportation within its limits, that the powers exercising sovereign rights over neighboring territory are forbidden to exercise monopolies or favors of any kind in regard to trade, and that they shall bind themselves to suppress slavery. The King of Belgium was made sovereign of the new State. See Africa; Congo Free State; Stanley, H. M.
AFRICAN LAN′GUAGES. Of the numerous classifications of African languages, that which best represents our present knowledge is the following:
1. Semitic: Arabic; the Abyssinian languages derived from Geez (the so-called Ethiopic), i.e., Tigré, Tigriña, Amharic, Harari, Gurague. The languages comprised in this division were brought into Africa by Semitic immigrants or invaders.
2. Hamitic: Libyan dialects; ancient Egyptian (whence Coptic, now extinct), Bishari ( Beja, Bedauye), Saho, Afar, various Agau dialects of Abyssinia (Chamir, Quara, etc.), and
