vated in the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. This was re-edited by his son and successor in office, William Townsend Aiton.
AIVALIK, i'va-lek'. A seaport town on the
western coast of Asia Minor, on the Gulf of
Adramyti, opposite the island of Mitylene
(Map: Turkey in Asia, B 3). It has a large
trade in oil. Its harbor is extensive, but the
entrance is very shallow. The town suffered
terribly at the hands of the Turks at the
beginning of the nineteenth century, but has
recovered since, and is now of considerable im-
portance. Its population, estimated at 30,000,
is almost exclusively Greek.
AIVAZOVSKI, i'va-zof'sks, Ivan Konstantinovitch (1817-1900). A Russian painter. He was born in Feodosia, in the Crimea, and by express command of the Czar Nicholas was admitted as an imperial pensioner to the Academy of Art at St. Petersburg. He was one of the greatest marine painters of Russia, his subjects being taken largely from the naval history of that country. Among his best productions may be mentioned: "Sunrise on the Black Sea" (1850); "Creation," "Deluge," and several others, now at the Hermitage at St. Petersburg (1865); "Sea Fights at Revel, Viborg, and Tchesme," "Wreck of the Frigate Ingermannland," "Peter the Great at Krasnaya Gorka" (all at the Winter Palace, St. Petersburg); "View of Constantinople," "Calm Sea," and "Naples by Moonlight" (Academy of St. Petersburg); "Solar Eclipse" (Geographical Society, St. Petersburg); "Lighted Castle on the Sea" (Peterhof); "Calm Sea by Moonlight," "Monastery of St. George" (Moscow Museum).
AIWALYK. See Aivalik.
AIX, aks or as (Anciently Lat. Aquæ Sextiæ,
Springs of Sextius). A town of France, formerly the capital of Provence, now the capital of an arrondissement in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône (Map: France, M 8). The principal buildings of the town are the Palais de Justice, the Hôtel de Ville, and the cathedral of St. Sauveur. The cathedral dates from the eleventh century, and is a fine example of Romanesque architecture. The Palais de Justice was not completed until 1831, and is in the Renaissance style. The town is very bright and cheerful in appearance, and its many squares and parks enliven every quarter. Aix is famous for its springs and natural fountains. That of the Rotunda is decorated with statues of Justice, Agriculture, and Art; another fountain is surmounted by a statue of René of Anjou, the patron of troubadours. It is the work of David. There is a museum of antiquities containing valuable Gallic, Roman, and Christian remains. The town has a university in conjunction with Marseilles (see Aix, Facultes d'), as well as an academy of sciences. Its library is famous in southern France, and contains about 150,000 printed works and over 1200 manuscripts; among these latter are many letters of Mary Stuart. There is also a school of art, and a picture gallery, in which are examples of Granet, the great architectural painter, who was a native of Aix. The industry of the town consists chiefly in the cultivation of the olive, in cotton-spinning, leather-dressing, and trade in oil, wine, almonds, etc. The warm springs are slightly sulphurous, with a temperature from 90° to 100° F., clear and transparent, with a slightly bitter taste. They have the reputation of improving the beauty of the skin.
Aix was in Roman times Aquæ Sextiæ, from Caius Sextius Calvinus, who in 123 B.C. headed the Roman colony which had been formed to defend the Greeks of Marseilles against the Salluvii. The field on which Marius defeated the Teutones and Ambrones, in 102 B.C., lies in the plain between Aix and Arles. In the Middle Ages, under the counts of Provence (see René), Aix was long a great literary centre. Pop., 1896, 28,900; 1901, 29,418.
AIX, or AIX-LES-BAINS, -la'bfiN' (Fr. the
Bath Waters or Springs; see below). A small
town of Savoy, France, in a delightful valley
near Lake Bourget, 7 miles north of Cham-
béry (Map: France, M 6). Its celebrity as the
source of medicinal waters dates from the Roman
occupation. The Romans gave it the name of
Aquæ Gratinæ. and built splendid baths there:
among its numerous remains of Roman times
are the Arch of Campanus and the ruins of a
temple and of a vaporarium. The hot springs,
two in number, are of sulphurous quality, and of
a temperature above 100° F. They are used
both for drinking and as baths, and attract
annually two thousand invalid visitors. Pop.,
1901, 5349.
AIX, Facultés d', fa'kul'ta' daks' or das', or
Académie, a'ka'da'nic'. Schools of law and the-
ology existed at Aix perhaps at the beginning of
the thirteenth century. They were organized in
1409 by Papal bull into the University of Aix,
which represented Provençal learning, if not lit-
erature, during most of its existence from its
foundation until its dissolution and reorganiza-
tion under Napoleon, in 1808, after which for
nearly a century it was an academy of the Uni-
versity of France. The present University of
Aix-Marseilles has faculties of law and philoso-
phy at Aix, and faculties of mathematics-science,
medicine-pharmacy. and the free faculty of law
at Marseilles. There are 772 students.
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, -la-sha'p6l', Ger. Aachen
(named from its springs, Lat. Aquæ, and the palace chapel). A city of the Prussian Rhine Province, and capital of the government district of the same name, situated in a valley near the River Wurm, about 40 miles west of Cologne (Map: Prussia, B 3). The city is divided into the inner or old town, the outer or new town, and the suburb of Burtscheid. The streets are generally broad and well paved. Among the principal ones are the Theaterstrasse, Hochstrasse, and Wilhelmstrasse. The most important public squares are the Marktplatz, with the bronze statue of Charlemagne, the Münsterplatz, and the Kaiserplatz, with a large, handsome fountain. Its private houses are for the most part handsome modern buildings, and give the city a thoroughly modern appearance. With the exception of its two or three public buildings and churches, little of the ancient town remains. Its former ramparts have been leveled and turned into promenades, and only two of its old gates remain standing. Foremost among the public buildings of interest is the cathedral, a most striking specimen of various styles of ecclesiastical architecture. The oldest portion, which probably dates from the year 796 A.D., is an octagonal chapel, surrounded by a gallery and surmounted by a cupola built in the Byzantine style. A stone in the floor marks the supposed
