Erden, Ich iin jo, Hvrr, in Deiner Macht ami Unser Ucil is Kommen, are still extensively used in the Protestant service. A selection of his songs, with the music, has been published in the work entitled Xeudruoke Dcutschcr Litteratur- U'crkc (lliille, 18S3).
ALBERT, Joseph (1825-80). A German
plioto^iaplier, -who was born and died at Munich,
lie cstaliiislied a idiotographer's studio at Augs-
burg ill 1840. and removed to Munich in 1858.
About 18fi7 he introduced an im]uovemeiit of the
gi'catest importance in ])hoto-mcchanical print-
ing (Lirhtdnick) . It had been known since
about 1854 that a film of gelatine containing po-
tassium-bichromate does not receive greasy inks
unless it has been previously subjected to the
action of light and damping. This ifact had been
utilized for printing piujioses by coating a metal
plate with gelatine containing some bichromate
of potasli and chloride of mercury, treating with
silver oleate, and exposing to the action of light
through a negative. On washing and inking
with a lithographic roller, the plate could be
used for printing. The soft gelatine coating,
however, was extremely perishable, and therefore
the process was capable of only limitea applica-
tion, until Albert introduced his improvement.
Albert found that the gelatine could be sullicient-
ly hardened and rendered durable simply by the
action of light. In place of the old metallic
plates, he therefore substituted transparent
jilates, the uncoatcd side of which he exposed to
the action of light. In this manner it became
possible to obtain more than a thousand "Alber-
type" cojiies from one plate, and the process was
adopted in general use. See Gelatin Process.
ALBERT I., called The Bear (UOG-TO).
Margrave of Brandenburg. He was the son and
successor of Otto the Rich, Count of Ballcnstadt,
and of Eilika. daughter of Magnus, Duke of Sax-
ony. Having aided the Duke of Saxony, who
became the Eni])cror Lothair, he received from
the latter Lusatia, to be held as a fief of the
Empire, and later the northern "mark." In the
year 1138, Henry, Duke of Saxony, having been
put under the imperial ban, the duchy was given
to Albert, when he took the title of Duke of
Saxony. Henry, however, was victorious in the
contest which followed, and Albert was com-
pelled to llee, and retained only the margraviate
of Nortliern Saxony. .Afterward Swaliia was
given to him as an indemnitv. Returning to
his own country, he had himself invested with
the lands which he had conquered from the
Wends, as a hereditary fief of the Empire, and
thus became the founder and first margrave of
the new State of Brandenburg. Consult Heine-
mann, Alhrccht der Bar (Darmstadt, 1804).
ALBERT I. (1317-79). Duke of Mecklenburg, fiiunder of the present reigning dynasty. He was a son of Prince Henry II., the Lion, and reigned as prince from 1329 until 1348, when he was appointed duke by the Emperor Charles IV. Relying upon the cities of his realm, he sought to suppress the frequent feuds of the nobles, and
to lind advantages by active participation in the afl'airs of the Empire. Upon the extinction of the dynasty of Schwerin, he united the domains of that principality with his own (1358). He was also instrumental in securing the crown of Sweden for his son, afterward known as Albert 11. See Albert, King of Sweden.
ALBERT II., Duke of Mecklenburg. See
Aliseut, KiAti OF Sweden.
ALBERT IV., called The Wise (1447-1508).
Duke of Bavaria, third son of Albert III., sur-
named "the Pious."' After the death of his
father in 1400 he was placed under the guardian-
ship of his elder brothers, John III. and Sigis-
niund, who had conjointly succeeded to the regen-
cy: and upon the death of John ( 1403 ) , he became
co-regent with Sigisniund. The acquisition of
the territories of the house of Bavaria-Landshut
greatly increased the extent of his possessions.
In consequence of this increase of power, how-
ever, he became involved in a feud with several
members of the nobility, and his interference in
the affairs of Regensburg (Ratisbon) finally
aroused the displeasure of the Emperor and he
was placed under the ban. His principal
achievement was the establishment of the law
of succession in the dukedom of Bavaria (July
8, 1500).
ALBERT V. (1528-79). Duke of Bavaria,
a son of Duke William IV. and Maria Jakobiia
of Baden. He succeeded to power in 1550, and
soon became involved in religious and other dis-
putes, in consequence of which the power of the
feudal barons in his dominions was completely
broken. He banished the Protestants from his
dominions and prohibited the publication of
books favorable to them. It was due to his in-
itiative that ilunich afterward became a great
centre of art. He greatlj' encouraged engraving,
painting, brass-founding, and the industrial arts,
and laid the foundation of a museum of art as
well as of a museum of antiquities, a gallery of
paintings, and a royal library. Upon his death
he left debts to the amount of two and a half
million florins.
ALBERTA, al-ber'ta. A district in Canada, formed in 1882 out of the Northwest Territories, containing 100.000 square miles (Map: North-West Territories. F 4). It is bounded on the north liy Athaliasca, on the east by Saskatchewan and Assiuiboia, on the south by the
United States, and on the west by British Columbia, the western boundary running northwest and southeast along the line of the Rocky Mountain divide. It lies between lat. 49° and 55° 1', and long. 111° and 120°. Topographically, the eastern half of the district is a part of the great central plain, the western half belonging to the Rocky Mountain region. The ascent from the plain to the mountain is very steep. The head-waters of tliree great river systems, which reach the sea in three different directions, have their origin within the district; the Athabasca and other streams of the north drain northward into the Mackenzie system, the tributaries of the Missouri drain the southern portion into the Mississippi system, while between the two the
Saskatchewan and its tributaries drain the region into the Hudson Bay, through the Nelson system. The plain is prairie land, but the foot-hills of the mountains are well wooded. The rain and snowfall are light, and the atmosphere clear and invigorating. Sudden and decided extremes in temperature are common in winter and summer. The winter winds from the northeast are at times very severe, while the western winds — the Chinooks — are warm and pleasant. The prairie affords excellent grazing, and there are some large, well-stocked cattle ranches. Mixed farming has been found practicable at a few
