bold; it slopes to the northeast and north. forming small bays. It is strongly fortitied, and at Braye there is an extensive granite breakwater, built at an enormous expense by the British Government in onler to form a naval station and harbor of refuge, but of little value. St. Anne, in the centre of the island, is the chief town. Alderney is included in the baliwick and governorship of Guernsey, but has minor legislative and judicial administrations locally elected. The dangerous Casket rocks, surmounted by three splendid lighthouses, lie 6 miles southwest. Pop., 1891, 1857; 1901, 2062.
ALDERNEY CATTLE. See Cattle.
ALDERSGATE, al'dPrz-gat. In the old city
wall of London, the gate which stood at the
present junction of Aldersgate Street and St. Martin's-le-Grand. It was between Cripplegate and Newgate. It was rebuilt in 1616, with figures of King James I. and of the prophets Jeremiah and Samuel.
ALDERSHOT, iil'der-shot (for Aldersholt; holt, a wood, Ger. Holz, wood). A town in
Hampshire, England, 14½ miles east of Basingstoke (Map: England, E 5). Its importance arises from the vicinity of the great Aldershot military camp. It is a busy junction of the London and Southwestern Railway, with two depots, and has all the elements of a thriving town. Pop., 1891, 25,595; 1901, 30,974.
ALDERSHOT CAMP. A permanent camp of the British army, situated about 35 miles southwest of London. England, and used during the spring and summer for army manœuvres on a larger scale than is possible elsewhere in the kingdom. Up to the Boer War of 1899, the Aldershot garrison consisted of troops available for service with the first army corps. It is also used by volunteers and militia during their annual training, and is the headquarters for various military instruction.
ALDGATE, .nld'gat'. The eastern gate in
the old city wall of London, near the present
junction of Houndsditch, Aldgate High Street,
and the Minories. Its date and the origin of
the name have been much disputed. The gate
probably dated from the late Saxon or early
Norman period, and the name, spelled Alegate
in a document earlier than 1115, seems to mean
the "gate free to all."
ALDHELM, -ild'helm (c. 640-709). An eccle-
siastic, possibly a son of the King of the West
Saxons. He was educated at Canterbury, be-
came abbot of Malmesbury about 670, and
Bishop of Sherborne in 705, but continued to
act as abbot of his monasteries. He was a famous scholar. His works are found in Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. lxxix.
ALDIBORON'TEPHOS'COPHOR’NIO. A
personage in Chrononhotonthologos (q.v.). The
name was applicd by Sir Walter Scott to the
pompous printer, James Ballantyne.
ALDIE, jil'dl. A village of Loudoun County, Va., about 35 miles west of Washington, D. C. Here, on June 17, 1863, a force of Federal cavalry under Pleasonton defeated a force of Confederate cavalry under Stuart.
ALDINE (al'din or al'din) EDITIONS. A
name given to the books printed by Aldus Manutius and his family, at Venice (1490-1597) , prized for their scholarly correctness, beautiful typography, and tasteful manufacture, and, latterly, for their rarity. They include editions of Greek, Latin, and Italian writers, in many cases the earliest printed. The first Aldus was an innovator. He first used italic type (1501) and introduced fine paper or parchment editions (1499). He was an artist in the designing of type, having nine varieties of Greek and fourteen of Roman letters. The establishment remained for more than a century in the family, and produced 908 works, which bear its imprint of an anchor with twisted dolphin, often with the Latin motto, Sudavit et Alsit. As the editions gained in reputation, they were often counterfeited by printers in Lyons and Florence. The most precious are those of the first twelve years, especially The Hours of the Blessed Virgin (1497) and the Vergil (1501). See Manutius.
ALDINI, al-de'ne, Antonio (1756-1826). An Italian statesman, born in Bologna. He studied law in Rome and became professor of that sub- ject and a practising barrister there. After the separation of Bologna from the Papal States, he went to Paris, and upon his return became president of the Council of Ancients of the Cisalpine Republic. He was dismissed from this position in 1798 because of his opposition to the measures of Napoleon, who, however, in 1801, made him president of the Council of State of the Italian Republic. Of this position he was de- prived by Melzi. When the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1805, Aldini was made a count, and Secretary of the Interior, in which capacity he drew up the decree dissolving the Papal States. After 1815 he lived in retirement at Milan.
ALDINI, Giovanni (1762-1834). A nephew of the famous Galvani and brother of Count Antonio Aldini; a student of natural science. He held the chair of physics at Bologna, was a founder of the National Institute of Italy, received the British Royal Society's gold medal, and was made Knight of the Iron Crown and Councilor of State at Milan. He spent much of his fortune in organizing a school of science for workingmen at Bologna. He carried on investigations in applied science, and worked out methods of applying galvanism to various useful purposes in medicine and in the industrial arts.
ALDOBRANDINI, iil'do-hran-de'ne. A noble
family of Florence, raised to the princely dignity
by Pope Clement VIII. Silvestro Aldobrandini (1499-1588). A famous teacher of law at Pisa. He was banished by the Medici upon his return to Florence in 1530, and went to Rome, Naples, and Bologna, where, in 1538, he became papal vice-legate and vice-regent. Realizing the futility of a return to Florence, he went to Ferrara, whence he was called to Rome as fiscal advocate of Pope Paul III. Ippolito Aldobrandini (1536-1621). A son of the preceding. He became Pope, with the title of Clement VIII. (q.v.). Pietro Aldobrandini (1571-1621). Cardinal; a nephew of Pope Clement VIII. He continued the policy of Clement and zealously promoted the development of the sciences. The great sums of money which he had accumulated he sought to secure by the purchase of Sulmona, Bari, and Bisignano. He became Archbishop of Ravenna under Pope Paul V. When the Roman branch of the family became extinct (1681), a dispute as to inheritance and succession arose
