The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Early English Text Society (Loudon, 1890) ; Schipper, Ktiitig Alfreds Vebersetzung von liedas Kirchengescliichte (Leipzig, 1897). His laws show no striking changes from the laws of earlier kings; in fact, he disclaimed originality and spoke of his work as mainly a compilation of existing laws. But they are marked by two characteristics which deserve uotice: first, they are intensely religious; sec- ond, they make no distinction between English and Welsh, as the earlier laws had done. The millenary of King Alfred was celebrated on September 18, 1901, at Winchester, the for- mer capita! of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. The commemorative exercises were participated in by many distinguished men from all English- speaking countries. On September 20, the day of the most important functions, all the delegates joined in a great procession and marched to the site where the colossal statue of Alfred, the work of Thornycroft, was unveiled, and the oration was delivered by Lord Eosebery.
In the United States the Society of American Authors encouraged the celebration of "the one thousandth anniversary of the founder of the Anglo-Saxon race." Exercises were held on Oc- tober 28 in libraries and schools in various cities. The chief celebration was in New York City, where Alfred Bowker, the Mayor of Winchester, i^as the guest of honor.
The great contemporary sources of information for Alfred's life are Asser's Life of Alfred and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Of each of these there are several editions in the original Latin; trans- lations can be found in the Bolin Library; in Ste- venson's Church Historians of England, and else- where. The genuineness of Asser's work has been the subject of much controversy, but most schol- ars now believe it to be a contemporary work, with some later interpolations. Of secondary works Pauli's Konig Alfred, edited by Thomas Wright, is still deserving of mention. BiBLiOGRAPiiT. The constitutional events of the reign are described in Stubbs, Constitutional History, Volume I. (Oxford, 1891). The mil- lenary celebration caused the production of many books and articles. Of these the following may be mentioned: Bowker, Alfred the Great (London. 1899). which contains seven special studies by Sir Walter Besant, Sir Frederick Pol- lock, Frederic Harrison, and others ; Conybeare, Alfred in the Chroniclers (London, 1900) ; Draper, Alfred the Great (London, 1901) ; Har- rison, Writings of King Alfred (New York, 1901) ; Hughes, Alfred the Great, new edition (London, 1901); .JefTery, A Perfect Prince, The fit org of the England of Alfred the Great (Lon- don. 1901); Jla'cfayden, Alfred the West Saxon (London, 1901); Wall. Alfred the Great, His Abbeys of Hi/de, Athelney, and Shaftesbury (London, 1900). Frederic Perry is preparing a volume, Alfred the Truth Teller, for the Heroes of the Nations Series. Mr. Slade. of the Library of Congress, has prepared a bibliography of Al- fred, which aims at completeness.
ALFRED OF BEVERLEY (born c. 11OO). An old English chronicler, about whom little is known. He describes himself as treasurer and sacrist of the church of Beverley, in Yorkshire, where he wrote in Latin a chronicle history of Britain, from the fabulous period down to 1129, called the Annalcs (in 9 books). It is mostly a compilation. An inferior MS. was printed by
T. Hearne (1710).
ALFRED U'NIVER'SITY. An American
university, situated at Alfred, N. Y. It wag
organized as a school in 183(3 and as a university
in 1837. Its total endowment, including equip-
ment, etc., was in 1901 about .$445,000. The
library has 13,000 volumes. The university has
collegiate, industrial mechanics, fine arts, music,
theological and preparatory departments, and a
State school of clay working and ceramics. In-
structors (1900) 20, students 210. President,
Rev. B. C. Davis, Ph.D.
ALFRETON, nl'fer-ton. A market town of
Derbyshire, England, about 12 miles north of
Derby (Map: England, E 3). Its foundation
is ascribed to Alfred the Great. It has of late
become a flourishing manufacturing town.
Among its industries are pottery works, col-
lieries, and iron foundries. Pop., 1891, 15,400;
1901, 17.500.
ALFITRESE, rd'fw-rez' or al'fUo-res', ALFURU, al-foo'roo, or ALFORA, al-fO'ra (Ar. al,
the + Portug. fora, outside, thus probably mean-
ing the outsiders). In Celebes, the Moluecag, M
etc., a term applied to the tribes, of the W
interior especially, who seem to differ from the
more or less prevalent Malay type, being per-
haps pre-Malay aboriginals. Tiie name can
hardly have, however, any strict anthropological
connotation. In Celebes the Alfurese are found ^
chiefly in the north, in Ciilolo in the central H
regions, while in Ceram they are the predomi- ™
nant race. The Alfurese of Celebes are probably
not so different from the Malayans as has hith-
erto been believed, being a mixed race. The
Alfurese of Gilolo were considered by Wallace
the true aborigines of the island, and those of
Ceram, etc., to be of Papuan stock at bottom.
There are, evidently, several kinds of Alfurese
(the word has somewhat the sense of our "gen-
tile," "pagan"), some Malays doubtless, others
pre-Malay, still others of Papuan affinities. See
Celebes; Moi.rccAS.
ALGÆ, al'je (Lat. nom. pi. of aZ^a, seaweed). A group of chlorophyll-bearing or colored thallophytes containing the lowest forms of plant life. The alg.'e are contrasted with the fungi, which latter are devoid of chlorophyll. There is an obvious relationship between the algfe and the fungi (q.v.), the latter probably having been derived from the former. Consequently, a perfectly natural classification should combine both groups; but botanists are hardly ready at this time to attempt so difficult a problem. Although the fungi have come from algal ancestry, they have undoubtedly been derived from two or more widely separated regions of the algie. Thus, the Bacteria lSchi::omycetes) have probably come from the lowly Blue-green Algai (Cyanophycece), while the Phycomycetes (molds of various kinds) have their origin from much higher levels. It follows, therefore, that the Fungi contain several groups with no generic relation except through a roundabout algal ancestry. Consequently the division of the Thallophytes into the AlgiP and Fungi is largely a classification of convenience, based upon the physiological character of the presence or absence of chlorophyll (green pigment) or of pigments related to chlorophyll. Classification. The Algae are readily divided into four groups, which have the rank of
