slight depression in fioiu uf the trench or ditch, so that it is fairly safe from artillery fire.
ABATTOIR, fl'bA'twJir'. See Slaughter Houses.
ABATUZIT. !l'b.Vzf', Firmix (lf)7n-17ii7) . A From h schdUir. He was born in Lanfrucdoc and died at Ucneva. His parents were Protestants, and at the revocation of the Kdict of Xantcs he was sent to Geneva. Hero he studied diligently, and became versed in almost all the sciences. He traveled in Knj^land and lloHand in Kins. William Til. wished to retain him permanently in England, but his affection for his mother induced him to return (o Geneva. He translated the New Testament into French in 1720, and for his lucid investigations into the ancient history of Geneva he received from its authorities the rights of citizenship. He was the author of numerous theological and archa-o- logieal treatises. His orthodoxy has been dis- puted. RousseaB. who could not bear to praise a contemporary, penned his solitary panegyric on Abauzit in the yourellc Hrloise. In the course of his long life Abauzit became the friend of Xcwton. Bayle, and Voltaire.
AB'BA (Gk. ufiBa). The Aramaic form of
the Hebrew word for father. It occurs three
times in the New Testament as a form of address
to the Deity (JIark xiv :."!(): Rom. viii:15;
Gal. iv : 111 . where its meaning in Greek is added,
for the benefit of readers unfamiliar with He-
brew. In Talmiulic literature it occurs fre-
quently as a title of honor addressed to a scholar,
and also enters into the composition of proper
names. The title Abba is frequently met with in
ecclesiastical literature and is applied to the bishops of the Syriac. Coptic, and Ethiopic Churches.
ABBABIE, a'ba'de', Antoine Thomson d' (1810-17). and Arnaud Michel u' (1810-93). Two French explorers, brothers, born in Dublin. They were known for their researclies in Abys- sinia, from 1837 to I84.i. According to their own account, their objects were purely ethno- logical and geographical; but they were regarded by certain English travelers and missionaries as agents employed by the French tJovernmcnt for religious and political purposes. Among the results of their travels were a catalogue of Ethiopic MSS., an edition of the Ethiopic ver- sion of the Pastor of Hernias, and the (Icodr.iie dc la Hautc-Kthwi>ie. (1860-73). The English expe- dition to Abyssinia led Arnaud to publish, in 18(>S. his Diiii~f (iius daiui la Uatite-tlthiopie. Antoine published a Dictionnaire de la langue Aiiiiniiiiut in 1881.
ABBADIE, Jacques ( 16.54 ?-1727). A French Protestant theologian, who died in London. Of a poor family, he was educated by his friends, and advanced so rapidly that at seventeen he was granted the degree of doctor of theology at Sedaji. He spent several years in Berlin as minister of the French Protestant church, and in 1088 accompanied Marshal Schombcrg to England, becoming minister of the French church in London called "La Savoye."' He was strongly attached to the cause of William III., who made him dean of Killaloe. Ireland. He wrote a defense of the English revolution of 1088, but was best known by his theological works, the most important of which was Traite de la vcrilr dc hi religion clin'ticnnc (16S4).
ABBAS I., ab'bas (1557-1628). Shah of Persia; known as "the Great." He was the youn/'est son of Shah .Mohammed Khodabendeh. He rose in rebellion against his father and gained possession of the throne at the age of eighteen. In 1597 he defeated the U?,beks in a great battle near Herat, and drove them from the country. During many campaigns against the Turks he added a great deal of territory to his possessions. He overthrew the Turks and Tartars near Sul- tanieh and extorted an advantageous peace from them (I()18). T'pon the renewal of hostilities he captured Bagdad after a year's siege, in 1023. His reign was marked by the magnificence of his court and by the many important reforms whii-b lie inlroduccd. Sec PERSIA.
ABBAS I., PASHA, ab'bas p;i-shii' (1813-
54). Viieroy of Egypt and grandson of Mehemet
Ali. He was active but not distinguislied in
Mehemefs wars in Syria, .fter Ibrahim's
short reign, he took the throne (1848) as hered-
itary successor, and proved a cruel and capricious
ruler. He dismissed all Europeans from State
service, and in general was a foe to civilization.
In the Crimean War he assisted the Sultan of
Turkey with his fleet and 15,000 men. It is
supposed that he was murdered.
ABBAS II., Hn.Mi, K.G.C. (1874—). Khe-
dive of Egypt ; eldest -son of Tewfik Pasha. He
was educated at Vienna, and succeeded his father
ii! 18!)2. Though his attitude towaid England
in Egjpt is unfriendly, he has carried on his
govcniment under British supervision since his
abortive attempt to form an anti-British cabinet
(1893 1. See Egypt.
ABBAS lux Ann al Muttaub, ab'bas 'b'n
abd' cl mTTot-tii'U'b (560-052). Paternal uncle
of Mohammed. He was at first a determined
opponent of his ne])hew. but his defert in battle
at Bedr was followed by his conversion, after
which he became one of the chief apostles of
Islamism. He was the progenitor of the Abbaside caliphs of Bagdad.
ABBAS-MIRZA, ab'bjis mer'za (1783-1833).
A Persian prince, the son of Fath Ali Shah. He
possessed great ability, and was a friend of West-
ern civilization. As provincial Governor of
Azerbijan, he applied himself, with the aid of
Englisii ollicers, to the reform of the army. He
commanded the main Persian army in the unsuc-
cessful >var with Russia, which was concluded by
the peace of Gnlistan in 1813, when Persia lost
its remaining possessions in the Caucasus, and
was fori ed to acknowledge the flag of Russia on
the Caspian Sea. At the instigation of Abbas,
a new war broke out in 1826, between Fath Ali
and Russia. The Prince fought a second time
with extraordinary bravery at the head of the
army, but was again obliged to yield to the
superiority of I lie Russian arms, and to conclude
a peace, on February 22, 1828, at Turkmanchai,
by which Persia lost most of her Armenian terri-
tory. In this treaty. Russia guaranteed to Abbas
the succession to the Persian throne. When, in
1829, the Russian ambassador at Teheran was
murdered in a ])opular tumult, which he had
provoked by his own im])ruilence. Abbas went in
person to St. Petersburg, to prevent any ill con-
sequences, and to maintain tlie peace. He was
received by the Emperor with kindness, and went
back to Persia loaded with presents. His eldest
son, Mohammed Mirza, mounted the throne in
1834. See Persia.
