of European influence, was keenly alive to whatever occurred among the powers of Christen- dom. Though utterly illiterate himself, he had all the foreign journals translated and read to him. He watched every political change, as if conscious that the interests of his little region depended for their futuie prosperity on the west, and not on the east, and made friendly advances to both the French and English. Consult: Ibrahim ]Manzour Effendi, Memoires sur la Grece et iAl- banie pendant le gouvernement d'Ali Pacha (Paris, 1827); Pencker, Die SuHoten und Hire Kriege mit Ali Pascha von Janina (Breslau, 1834"): Davenport, The Life of Ali Pasha (Lon- don, 1837).
AL'IQUOT PART (Lat. aliquot, some, sev-
eral). One quantity or number is said to be an
aliquot part of another when the quotient of the
latter divided by the former is an integer: e.g.,
2, 4, 5. 10, 121/0, are aliquot parts of lOO"
ALISCANS. ii'l*'skaN'. ALESCHANS, or
LES ALYSCAMPS, la za'Io'skax' (From Lat.
Elysii Campi, Elysian Fields). A mediieval cem-
etery near Aries, in the south of France, supposed to have been consecrated by an apparition of Christ himself. Hence the name of a rhaiison de geste, of the twelfth century, describing two battles fought in this place by William. Count of Orange, against the Saracens. Defeated in the first fight, he raised a new army and renewed the
combat with success. The same Christian hero appears in various other chansons of the period.
AL'ISON, Rev. Archibald (1757-1839). An Englisli philosophical writer. He was born in Edinburgh and studied at the University of Glas- gow, and afterward at Oxford. He took orders in the Church of England, and subsequently held several preferments, among others a prebendal stall in Salisbury, and the perpetual curacy of Kenley, in Shrop.shire. From 1800 he officiated in a chapel in his native city, where he remained till his deatli. Alison is principallj- known by his Essays on the Xatiire and Principles of Taste, first published at Edinburgh in 1790. The Es- says advocate what is called the "association" theory of the sublime and beautiful. Two vol- umes of his sermons, first published at Edin- burgh in 1814, were very popular in their day, and reached the sixth edition in 1816. See -Es- thetics.
ALISON, Sir Archibald (1792-1807). A British lawyer, historian, and writer. He was born at Kenley, Shropshire, December 29, 17i)2. In 1805 he entered Edinburgh University, where he obtained higliest honors in Greek and mathe- matics. He was called to the bar in 1814, and, owing to friendly influence, presently made a handsome income, which enabled him to travel on the Continent, then sought by man}' young men who desired to visit the scenes of the wars against Napoleon. From 1822-30 he was advo- cate-deput}'. and made his appearance as a writer on law, polities, and literature. In 1835 he set- tled near Glasgow, as sheriif of Lanarkshire, an office conferred on him the preceding year, and began systematic and unremitting public and lit- erary work. His History of Europe, a popular rather than a profound book ( 10 volumes) , begun in 1829, finished in 1842. achieved a great suc- cess. For the sixth edition, published in 1844, the author received 2000 guineas. By 1S48. 100,- 000 copies had been sold in the United States. It was translated into several languages, includ- ing French, German, and even Arabic. A contin- uation of the History for the period 1815-52, 9 volumes, was completed in 1859. His other works, Life of the Duke of Marlborough (1845), The Principles of Population ( 1840) , etc., though less successful, attracted wide notice. In 1845 he was elected Lord Rector of llarischal College, and in 1851 of Glasgow University. He was made D.C.L. of Oxford University, and in 1852 received a baronetcy. In politics he was an arch- Tory. He continued his labors, in health and strength, almost to the day of his death. May 23, 1807. Over one hundred thousand persons attended his funeral. Consult his Autobiography, edited by his daughter-in-law (Edinburgh, 1883).
ALISON, Sir Archibald, Jr., K.C.B. ( 1826—) A British general. He was born in Edinburgh, the son of the historian, and educated at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. He entered the army in 1846: served in the Crimean War at the siege of Sebastopol, and in India, where lie lost an arm at the relief of Lucknow; and in the Ashanti expedition of 1873-74 he commanded the European brigade. He held an active command in the
Egyptian expedition of 1882-83, and was promo-
ted to be lieutenant-general for gallantry. On
his return from Egypt he commanded at Alder-
shot, and in 1889 was promoted to be general.
He has published a valuable treatise on Army
Organization ( 1809 ) .
ALISON. William Pulteney, M.D. (1790-
1859). A Scotch political economist, physician,
and professor of the practice of medicine in the
University of Edinburgh from 1822 to 1856. He
was an elder brother of the historian, and was
extremely popular with all classes of the com-
munity, because of his efforts to alleviate the suf-
ferings of the poor. A pamphlet published by
him in 1840 had the effect of bringing about an
improved poor-law for Scotland. He published
a work entitled, A Dissertation on the Reclama-
tion of Waste Lands (1850), recommending the
colonization of such lands by paupers and crim-
inals, and several books upon medical subjects,
among which may be mentioned his complete
treatises on general pathology entitled. Outlines
of Physiology (third edition. 1839), and
Outlines of Pathology and Practice of Medicine
(1848).
A'LITHE'A. The name of a character in
Wycherley's play, The Country Wife, and in Gar-
rick's Country Girl. She is a self-possessed and
witty woman of the world.
ALIZ'ARIN (probably from Ar. al, the -|- 'asOrah, juice extracted from a plant), sometimes called madder extract. An exceedingly valuable coloring matter. With the oxides of aluminium, iron, and most other metals, it gives a series of beautifully colored insoluble salts or lakes. It was first obtained from madder (the root of rubia tinctorum) by heating with strong sulphuric acid. In 1868 Graebe and Liebermann discovered a process by which it could be manufactured from anthracene, thus for the first time artificially producing a natural coloring substance. Their method, since modified with view to economy, consists in the following operations: (1) Anthracene, a hydro-carbon contained in the refuse coal-tar of gas works, is oxidized with potassium bichromate to yield the compound unthraquinoiic; (2) wlien antliraquinone is heated with fuming sulphuric acid, antltraguinone-sul phonic acids are produced; (3) if the sodium salts of these acids are kept for forty-
