He wrote a Manual of Universal Church History, which is known in many lanjtnages (original, Mainz, 1840: tenth edition by F. X. Kraus, 1882, 2 volumes; English translation, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1874-76, 3 volumes) ; also (Innidriss dcr Patrolo- gie Oder der altern chrisllichfii Littcrargeschichte (Freiburg, 18(i(i; fourth edition, 1888). He was, in 1869, a member of the commission on dogma which prepared the work for the Vatican Coun- cil, and was the only member of the commission who opposed the promulgation of the dogma of Papal infallibility. He concurred in it, however, after its adoption.
AM'ADAS, or AM'IDAS, Philip (1550-
1618). An Enslish navigator. He was born m
Huil. England." Sir Walter Kalegh selected him
as captain of one of the two ships sent out in
1584 to find a suitable place on the coast of
North America for planting a colony. He and
Barlow, captain of the other vessel, coasted
northeasterly from the vicinity of Cape Fear
and reached Ocracoke Inlet (.Tuly 13). They
landed on the narrow island separating Pamlico
Sound from the Atlantic, and afterward visited
the Indians on Roanoke Island. They returned
to England and gave a glowing account of the
country. Barlow writing the report. Several
years afterward Amadas conducted an expedition
to Newfoundland. Consult Hakluyt, Prindpall
Toiages, new edition, Volume III. (London,
1809-12).
AMADEO, a'ma-da'o. Giovanni Antonio (c. 1447-1552). An Italian sculptor and architect. He was born at Pavia, where he executed a portion of the facade decorations of the Carthusian monasterv. His most important work is generally considered to be the Colleoni Chapel, Bergamo, with its bas-reliefs and statuary. From
1490 to 1519 he conducted the work upon the Milan Cathedral. He sought to combine the respective styles of the jSIiddle Ages and the early Renaissance, and ranks as the most important of Lombard sculptors.
AM'ADE'US. A name borne by several members of the House of Savoy (q.v.), including one king of Spain. See Amadeus I.
AMADEUS I., Ferdinand Maria (1845-90).
Duke of Aosta and King of Spain. He was
the second son of Victor Emmanuel of Italy, and
was rear-admiral in the Italian navy and lieu-
tenant-general in the army. He married Princess
Maria del Pozzo della Cisterna. daughter of the
Countess de Merode, May 30, 1807. On Novem-
ber 16. 1870, the Cortes of Spain elected him
king, and on December 4 .madeus accepted the
crown, with the sanction of his father and the
approv.al of the great Powers. He reached Madrid Januarv 2, 1871. four days after the assassination of General Prim. He himself was attacked by assassins in July, 1872. In the same year a great Carlist rising took place. On February II, 1873, ho abdicated for himself and
his heirs, and returned to Italy, the Spanish
Cortes proclaiming the Pepublie. and making
Fi^ueras provisional President. Consult White-
house. The Sacrifice of a Throne (New York, 1897).
AMADETTS VIII. See under Felix.
AM'ADIS OF GAUL. A legendary hero of
the most famous of mediirval romances, which
even the barber of Don Quixote had not the
heart to consign to the flames. It was the cen-
tre and parent of a cycle of similar tales of
chivalry which have their representatives in
every literary language of mediteval Europe, and
even in Hebrew. In what language it was first
written is uncertain. Portugal, Spain, France,
and England claimed its nativity, and, with the
exception of Portugal, all with some show of
justice. Amadis owes its inspiration to the
Arthurian cycle, and so to Britain. It appears
to liave been developed in northern France, the
home of the niedia;val epic, to have migrated
thence to Provence, and to have been carried
by the troubadours, either as a complete story
oi- as a tradition, to Spain, where we find the
epic mentioned by poets in the middle of the
fourteenth century in a way to indicate that
it was already widely popular there, though
no contemporaneous trace of it has been found
in Italy. (Consult Braunfels, Eritischer Ver-
such iiber den Roman Amadis von Gaula, Leipzig,
1876.) The earliest surviving .madis legend
is by the Spaniard Garcia Ordoiiez de Montalyo,
and appears to have been finished about 1470.
He allowed himself considerable liberties with
the tradition, especially toAvard the close, and
his anonymous successors extended the romance
to twelve books and more than three times the
length he had given it. It was first printed in
1519, and so fully embodies the taste of the
generation that hail given it birth that it almost
immediately became part and parcel of the lit-
erary consciousness of Europe, each nation recog-
nizing and reclaiming its share in it, although
they claimed no part of the continuation by jSIon-
talvo, in which he described, out of his own
invention, the deeds of the son of Amadis.
Esplandian. Amadis was rendered into Italian
in 1540, and into German before the end of the
century. It attracted the attention of Francis
I. during his captivity at Madrid, and at his
command was translated by Nicolas de Herberay,
who rendered two-thirds of the Spanish epie
into polished French, finishing his work in 1548.
Ten translations followed this, ^ with supple-
mentary adventures and imitations, till the
whole swelled at last to twenty-five books, de-
tailing the adventures of an entire family. In
its simpler form it tells how its hero, Amadis,
the illegitimate son of Perion. King of Gaul,
and Elisena, a princess of Brittany, was placed
by his mother in a river in a box, was rescued
at sea by a Scottish knight, and educated at
the Scottish court, was enamored of Oriana.
daughter of King T.isuarte of England, married
her,'^returned to Gaul, and spent the rest of his
life' there and elsewhere, in manifold adventures.
Both the French and the Spanish .madis were
criticised in their own day for defective struc-
ture, hyperbolic phantasy, immorality, and irre-
ligion. " Their popularity lasted until they them-
selves had raised up worthier imitators of their
example. The first of these was d'Urfe's Astree.
An English version of Amadis, much shortened
to its advantage, was made by Southey (London,
1803). For the origin of the story, consult:
Griisse, Litieraturqcschiclitc (Dresden. 1844-50) ;
and Korting. dcschichte des franzosischcn Ro-
mans im Xrn. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1885) :
for further bibliography, Braga. Grundnss der
romanischen Philologie ( Strassburg, 1893).
AMADIS OF GREECE. A supplement to Amadis of Gaul, a Spanish work by Feliciano da Silva It is noteworthv as being perhaps the source of Florizel in Shakespeare's "Winters
