was born at Ikik'. near Charties. He. lectured in Paris upon philosophy and tlieolofry about 1200. His doctrines were condemned by the University. Pope Innocent III. confirmed the condemnation (1204) and ordered Amalric to return to Paris and recant, which he did, and so when he died, which was in the same year, he was buried in the consecrated ground of the monastery of St. Martin des Champs, Paris. But when it was discovered that the sect which he had founded had spread throughout France, a synod was called in Paris in 1209, his teaching formally condemned, several of his followers burned at the stake as heretics, and his own body was also dug up, burned, and the ashes thrown to the winds. His doctrines were formally condemned by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215.
AM'ALS, or AM'ALI. The royal family of
the Ostrogoths, which furnished the sovereigns
for about to centuries. The most noted were
Theodoric the Great (q.v.), Amalasuntha, and itigis. The race came to an end in G05. when (jermanus Posturaus and his daughter were put to death by Phocas. Hodgkin, in Ituly and Eer Jiivarlcrs, Volume III. (Oxford, 1890), gives a genealogical table of the Amals.
AM'ALTHE'A (Gk. 'Afii'/Jjeia, Amaltheia). A nymjih, tlic nurse of the infant Zeus. The name was transferred to the goat which, according to the Cretan legend, suckled the god, and was rewarded with a place among the stars. The "cornucopia. or horn of plenty, was said to
lie the horn of the goat Amalthea, which had been broken upon a tree. This horn is really an attribute of all the deities who were believed to control the fruits of the earth. See Ægis.
AMA'MA, Sixtinus (1503-1629). A Dutch Orientalist. He was born at Franeker, Friesland, studied Oriental languages at the University there, and subsequently at Exeter College, Oxford. He succeeded Drusius as professor of Hebrew at Franeker. In 1625 he was called to Leyden, but the Estates of Friesland refused to permit him to go. He was among the first to
advocate a thorough knowledge of the original languages of the Bible as indispensable to theologians. His works include Dissertatio qua Ostenditur Præcipuos Papismi Errores ex Ignorantia Hebraismi Ortum Sumpsisse (1618), Censura Vulgatæ Versionis V. Librorum Mosis (1620), and a Hebreouwsch Woordenboek (1628).
AMANA, ăm'ȧ-nȧ. A German religious community established at Amana, Ia., comprising several villages of settlers situated a few miles apart under the government of a president and thirteen directors, elected annually by the community. Family life is preserved, but meals are provided for a number of families together. Woolen mills, flour mills, saw mills, dye-shops, and agriculture are the chief industries operated in common for the benefit of all. Life is simple, and all necessaries are furnished freely to members of the community. New members are elected after a probationary period. Daily prayer-meetings are held. The sect was founded by Eberhard Gruber in Württemberg, Germany, 1714, and came to America, 1843, settling first in western New York and moving to Amana, 1855-64. The community in 1901 numbered 1767 persons, and owned 26,000 acres of land, their total property being valued at $1,500,000. See Communism and
Communistic Societies.
AMAN'DA. In Cibber's comedy, Love's Last Shift, and Vanbrugh's The Relapse (from which Sheridan made A Trip to Scarborough) , the faithful and charming wife of Loveless, who has basely deserted her, but is finally won back by the sense of her fidelity.
AMANDE DE TERRE, a'miiNd' dc tar'. The
French name lor i'gperus esculetilus. See Chufa.
AM'ANI'TA (Gk. noni. pi. a/aaviTcu, amani-
tai, a sort of fungi). A poisonous fungus allied
to the genus Agaricus. Amanita musearia,
which is pretty coinmon in woods, especially of
fir and beech, in Great Britain, and also in the
I'nited States, is one of the most poisonous fungi.
It is sometimes called Fly agaric, being used in
Sweden and other countries to kill ilies and bugs,
for which purpose it is steeped in milk. The
pileus or cap is of an orange-red color, with white
warts, the gills white, and the stem bulbous. It
grows to a considerable size. Notwithstanding
its veiy poisonous nature, it is used by the na-
tives of Is^amtchatka to produce intoxication.
Amanita phalloides. cniiiuionly called Death Cup,
is quite similar to the fly agaric. It is perfectly
white, with white sjiores, and a ring on the
stem. For illustration, sec FfXGi, Poisoxors.
AMANTS MAGNIFIQUES, a'miiN' ma'ny*'-
fek' (Fr., magnificent lovers). A prose comedy
in five acts by Moli&re. Avrittcn by order of Louis
XIV. in 1670. The two lovers are princely rivals,
who gi-e various entertainments and ballets for
which the slender plot is made the occasion.
AMAPALA, a-m;i'pa-la. A free port of Hon-
duras, situated on the north shore of the island
of Tigre. in the Gulf of Fonseca (Map: Central
America, D 4). The harbor is very good, capa-
ble of containing vessels of the deepest draught,
and the town has a healthful climate, so that
it gets a good part of the trade of Honduras,
San Salvador, and Nicaragua. The chief articles
of export are hides and cofl'ee. Gold, silver, and
mineral ores were formerly exported in great
quantities. The town was founded in 1838, and
the opening of the port took place in 1868. Pop.,
1100,
AMARA-KOSA, am'a-ra kOsha. See Amabasinha.
AM'ARANT. A giant slain by the legendary Guv of Warwick (q.v.) in the Holy Land.
AM'ARANTA'CEÆ, Amaranth Family (For derivation, see Amaranth). A natural order of dicotyledonous plants, embracing about 500 species. They are widely distributed, hut are most abundant in the tropics. In floral characters they greatly resemble the Chenopodiaceae,
differing in some minor particulars and in habit of growth. The general inflorescence is racemose, the auxiliary cymes going to make up a compound inflorescence. In general habit most of the species are rather coarse weeds, although some are grown as ornamentals, such as Cockscomb, Prince's feather. Love-lies-bleeding, etc. The chief genera are Amarantus, Celosia, Gomphrcna. and Iresine.
AM'ARANTH (Gk. a/idpavrn^, amarantos, from d, a. neg. -- /tapaiveiv, marainein, to die away, wither), Amarantus. A genus of plants of the natural order Amarantacefp. This genua contains nearly 100 known species, natives of tropical and temperate countries, but chiefly abounding within the tropics. They are herbs or shrubs, with siniide leaves, and flowers in
