(1492). She succeeded her brother as ruler of his tribe, and after the death of C'aonabo was on friendly terms with the Spanish until 1503. In the latter year she gave a feast in honor of Ovan- do, the Spanish governor, but in the midst of the festivities was arrested and put to death by his order.
AN'ACAR'DIA'CE,Æ (Gk. avd, ana, [like] unto + hapdia, kaidia, heart). Sumach Familt. An order of dicotyledonous plants consisting mostly" of trees and shrubs, with acrid, resinous, or milky sap, in some instances very irritating and poisonous. The leaves are usually alternate, rarely opposite; flowers small, polygamous, dicecious or perfect: caly.x small, usually five-parted; petals of the same number as the sepals;
stamens as numerous as the petals and opposite
them, or twice as many, rarely fewer: ovaries
of the staminate flowers one-celled, of the pistil-
late flowers three to seven-celled, with a single
ovule in each cell; fruit generally a drupe; seeds
bon}', endosperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy.
This family embraces about 50 genera and
500 species, most of which occur in the
tropics of both hemispheres, the only prominent
genus indigenous to the United States being
Rhus; the Sumach and Poison oak (q.v. ). The
genera of the family are giouped into a number
of sections, the more important of which are:
Mangiferip, of which Mangifera and Anacardium
are the principal genera; Spondiese, represented
by Spondias; Rhoidee, the chief genera of which
are Pistacia, Rhus, Cotinus, and Sehinus; and
Semecarpese, represented by Semecarpus. The
entire order abounds in resins and tannins, fur-
nishing the source whence some of the most val-
uable lacquers, varnishes, and tanning materials
are obtained, while some species produce whole-
some and pleasant fruits, some of which are
extensively grown in the tropics. For detailed
economic descriptions, see Cashew Nut; Pista-
cia: JIastic; Hog Pluji; Poisoxous Plants;
Makgo; Sumach, and other names mentioned
above.
AN'ACAR'DIUM. See Cashew Nut.
ANACHARIS,:i-n;-ik'a-r!s (Neo-Lat. from
Gk. dvii, ana, up + x^P'C, charts, grace). An
aqiiatic jilant (Aiiachnris Canadensis) . native of
North America, where it grows entirely sub-
merged in the water of ponds and slow-llowing
streams. The plant is a much-branched peren-
nial, with long, slender stems that bear numerous
small sessile, linear-oblong leaves arranged
either in whorls or oppositely upon the axis.
The small flowers appear upon the surface of the
water for a short period of time sufficient for
pollination, after the accomplishment of which
act the female flowers are withdrawn beneath the
surface; a case similar to that in the eel-grass
(Vallisneria, q.v.). This plant was intro-
duced into Great Britain about 1842. and because
of its rapid growth lias become a serious obstacle
to navigation in many of the tide water streams.
Anacharis is a good example of a plant, innoc-
uous in its native country, which has been intro-
duced elsewhere, and found there such congenial
habitat as to enable it to become a most ob-
noxious weed. It is also known as Elodea Cana-
densis.
ANACHARSIS, anVi-kJir'sIs (Gk. 'Avd-
Xnpair). A Scythian, the brother of King Saul-
ius, said by Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius to
have visited Solon at Athens, to have lived with
him on terms of intimacy, and also to have been
initiated into the Mysteries. From the early
fourth century B.C., the tendency to idealize the
barbarian peoples of the North assigned to him
the highest qualities; his love of learning is said
to have caused him to travel through many
lands; he was numbered among the Seven Wise
Men; and from Aristotle's time many wise
sayings and proverbs were attributed to him.
They are edited by Mullaeh, Philosophorum Grw-
coriini Fraymenta (Paris, 18G0-81). Under the
title Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Gricc, Jean
.Jacques B.arthelemy, a well-known French
author (q.v.), wrote in 1789 a description
of Greek life and manners, displaying learn-
ing and good taste, but disfigured by many
anachronisms. Anacharsis is made to visit
Athens only a few years before the birth of Alex-
ander the Great, and the features of several
distinct periods in Grecian history are confused-
ly regarded as having been contemporaneous.
Tlie book, tlierefore, will not bear a critical
examination; but it has contributed its share
toward an improved knowledge of ancient life,
and has given rise to several similar works,
such as the Irallus and the Charicles of Becker.
ANACH'RONISM (Gk. ivaxpov'iCea^ai, ana-
chronhesthai. to refer to wrong time, from
ava, una, back, against -H xp'^"C, c'i»'0)iOS, time) .
An error in chronolog}'. Sometimes an anach-
ronism is purjiosely made for the sake of effect,
or to bring certain events within convenient
compass for dramatic purposes. Shakespeare,
in his Jvllns Ci.esar, makes the "clock" strike
three: and Schiller, in his Piccolomini, speaks of
a "lightning-conductor"' a? known a hundred
and fifty years before its invention. These dis-
crepancies, however, do not seriously injure the
general truth of a poetical work. The anach-
ronism is more olTensive when, in a work which
pedantically adheres to the costumes and other
external features of old times, we find a modern
style of thought and language, as in the old
French dramas of Corneille and Racine. In pop-
ular epic poetry anachronism is a common feature. Achilles is always young; Helena, always beautiful. In their versions of old classic traditions, the writers of the Middle Ages converted Alexander, Æneas, and other ancient heroes into good Christian knights of the twelfth century. In the Nibelungenlied, Attila and Theo-
doric are good friends and allies, though the _
latter began to reign some forty years after the •
former. At the end of the poem, the heroine,
who must have been nearly sixty years old, and
had passed through great aflliction and sorrow, is
still the "beautiful Queen Kriemhild." Many
ludicrous examples of anachronism may be found
in old Dutch paintings; e.g., Abraliam, Isaac,
and .Jacob in modern costumes, and Adam in
Paradise armed with a musket.
ANACLACHE, a'na-kla'cha. One of the
mountains of Bolivia, in lat. 18° 12' S., long.
69° 20' W., about four miles high, and always
covered with snow.
AN'ACLE'TUS I., Saint, otherwise Cletus. Second or third bishop of Rome. A martyr under Domitian. Others say that he succeeded Clement I. as fifth bishop of Rome, and was martyred under Trajan. His day is July 13th.
ANACLETUS II. (?— 1138). Anti-pope, by
name Peter Pierleoni. He sprang from a rich and
