Anaïtis (Munich, 1856); Jackson, Iranische Religion (Strassburg, 1900).
AN'AKIM (Heb. children of Anak, i.e., the
long-necked, a giant). Represented in the Old
Testament as a race of giants (Numbers xiii :
33; Deuteronomy ii : 10-12, etc.), one of whose
strongholds was Kirjath-Arba or Hebron in
southern Palestine (Joshua xiv: 12-1.5). but
who were spread over the mountains of Judah
and Israel in Onal. Anakim is an indefinite
designation like Rephai'm for miscellaneous
groups of the pre-Israelitish inhabitants of Pal-
estine. They were conquered by Joshua together
with the rest of the Canaanitish peoples (Joshua
xi : 21), though according to verse 22 a remnant
survived in the Philistine cities of Gaza, Gath,
and Ashdod.
ANAL'CITE, Analcime, or Cubicite (Gk. (
Greek characters), an priv. + (Greek characters), alke, strength; refers to its weak electricity when heated or rubbed). A zeolite mineral, consisting of sodium and aluminum silicate, found in the Bergen tunnel. New Jersey, in the Lake Superior copper region, and with other zeolites in Colorado. It crystallizes in the isometric system, frequently occurring in the form of twenty-four-sided crystals.
AN'ALEM'MA (Gk. avd'Aii/ifia, a support,
prop; a sun-dial). A name given to an ortho-
gi'aphic projection of a sphere upon the plane
of a meridian, the point of sight being assumed
at an infinite distance on a line normal to the
given plane and passing through the centre of
the sphere. The term was also applied to the
sun-dial, but more often to an instrument of
brass or wood, on which the above projection
could be drawn, and which was used for astro-
nomical purposes. The term is further employed
to designate a scale, often seen on terrestrial
globes, showing the declination of the sun and
the equation of time for various days of the
year.
AN'ALGE'SIA. See Anæsthesia.
ANALOGISTS. See Philology.
AN'ALOGUE (Gk. (Greek characters), ana, according to + (Greek characters), logos, due ratio). A term in comparative anatomy. Organs are analogous to one another, or are analogues, when they perform the same function, though they may be altogether different in structure; as the wings of a bird and the wings of an insect. Organs, again, are homologous, or homologues, when they are constructed on the same plan, undergo a similar development, and bear the same relative position, and this independent of either form or function. Thus, the arms of a man and the wings of a bird are homologues of one another. See Homology.
ANAL'OGY (Gk. (Greek characters), analogia, equality
of ratios). In general, an agreement or corres-
pondence in certain respects between things in
other respects different. Euclid employed it to
signify proportion, or the equality of ratios, and
it has retained this sense in mathematics; but it
is a term little used in the exact sciences, and
of very frequent use in every other department
of knowledge and in human affairs. In grammar
we speak of the analogy of language; i.e., the
correspondence of a word or phrase with the
genius of the language, as learned from the man-
ner in which its words and phrases are ordi-
narily formed. Analogy, in fact, supposes a rule
inferred from observation of instances, and is the
application of this rule to other instances not pre-
cisely, but somewhat, similar. We venture upon
this application with more or less confidence,
according to the degree of ascertained similarity,
and according to the extent of observation from
which our knowledge of the rule has been de-
rived. John Stuart Mill, in his Logic, states
the formula of analogy in this way: "Two
things resemble each other in one or more re-
spects; a certain proposition is true of the one,
therefore it is true of the other." What makes
analogical reasoning successful at all is the fact
that superficial resemblances often point to fun-
damental identity in type. Analogical reasoning
is the assumption of a deeper significance in
similarities than our knowledge of the facts
warrants. When this assumption is justified by
the event, the analogy has been fruitfully sug-
gestive; when it is not, the analogy has been
misleading. Even when analogy leads to dis-
covery, it does this merely by suggestiveness;
the final establishment of the truth analogically
adumbrated is never accomplished by analogy,
but by some stricter logical method. Thus, rea-
soning from analogy indeed warrants only prob-
able conclusions; but the probability may be-
come of a very high degree, and in the affairs
of life we must often act upon conclusions thus
attained. Reasoning from analogy, however, re-
quires much caution in the reasoner. Yet even
when its conclusions are very uncertain, they
often serve to guide inquiry and lead to dis-
covery. Many of the most brilliant discoveries
recently made in natural science were the result
of investigations thus directed. In law, reason-
ing from analogy must often, to a certain extent,
be admitted in the application of statutes to
particular cases. Upon similar reasoning, the
practice of medicine very much depends. In
literary criticism, it is also often necessary for
purposes of interpretation, the sense of the auth-
or in a passage somewhat obscure being in some
measure determined according to passages in
which he has expressed himself more clearly.
The application of this rule to the interpretation
of Scripture is a point of difference between
Protestants and Catholics, the latter insisting
upon the interpretation of difficult passages by
ecclesiastical tradition and authority. Prot-
estant theologians have very generally employed,
with reference to this rule of interpretation, the
phrase "analogy of faith," deriving it from Romans xii. 16; but the meaning of the expression in that verse is disputed. (See Phonetic Laws.) The opposite of analogy is anomaly (Gk. irregularity); and this term is used not only in grammar, but with reference to objects of natural history which in any respect are exceptions to the ordinary rule of their class or kind. In physiology, analogy is similarity of function between organs which are structurally or morphologically different; e.g., the tail of a fish and that of a whale are analogous organs; in this usage analogy is opposed to homology, which refers to the structural similarity of organs that may even perform different functions; e.g.. the wing of a bird and the arms of a man.
ANAL'YSIS (Gk. (Greek characters), a resolution into parts, from (Greek characters), ana, up + (Greek characters), lycin, to loosen). A term frequently employed in general philosophy and in the sciences, as the opposite of the term synthesis. In philosophy the term analysis is generally applied to the mental act of distinguishing within a given object its vari-
