these outrages, the nearest approach being a riot at Trafalgar Square, London, November 13, 1887.
The Continent of Europe has not fared so well. In March, 1892, there was a series of explosions in France. For one of these Ravachol was executed (June 11, 1892), and others imprisoned. A plot to blow up the Paris Bourse was frustrated. Manifestos urging armed uprisings were issued by anarchists. There were serious disturbances and explosions in Spain and Italy. In February, 1893, bombs were exploded at Rome. At Barcelona, on September 23d, a bomb was tbrown into a group of staff officers at a military review, which wounded several officers, one of whom was Captain-General Martinez Campos, and killed one guard. For this, Codina and five accomplices were shot May 21, 1894. A general conspiracy was unearthed at Vienna, September 23d. On November 7th a bomb was thrown into the pit of a Barcelona theatre, which killed thirty and wounded eighty. Salvada French was executed for this crime. On December 9th, at Paris, during a session of the Chamber of Deputies, a bomb was thrown from the gallery. A woman, perceiving the intentions of the thrower, grasped his armm causing the bomb to strike a chandelier and explode harmlessly. Vaillant, whose real name was Königstein, a man of German descent, was immediately identified as the thrower, and was executed January 10, 1894, his last words being “Vive l'anarchie!” The French Government had previously passed a law making such attempts capital offenses, even though no one was killed. A week after the execution of Vaillant, and in revenge for his execution, a man named Emile Henry exploded a bomb in the café of the Hotel Terminus, severely wounding many guests. Henry was executed May 21, 1894.
There were outrages at Marseilles and other cities. An infernal machine was sent to Count Caprivi, the imperial German Chancellor and Foreign Minister. In March, 1894, a bomb exploded before the Chamber of Deputies at Rome, but did no great harm. On June 16th an attempt was made on the life of Crispi. For this Paul Fega was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment. President Carnot of France was assassinated June 24th by an Italian Anarchist, Santo Caserio. He died the following day. Caserio was guillotined August 15th. A plot against the French Premier Dupuy was frustrated. Active measures were taken against the anarchists, particularly in Italy, where some 2000 suspects were arrested during the summer. The year 1895 was comparatively quiet. In 1896 eleven were killed and forty wounded by an explosion at Barcelona. For this, which was the result of a conspiracy, five men were shot, thirteen imprisoned for over ten years, and seven for less than ten years. The premier of Spain, Señor Cánovas del Castillo, was assassinated August 8, 1897, by an Italian, Michele Angiolillo, who was executed eleven days after the crime. On September 10, 1898, the Empress of Austria was assassinated in Switzerland by an Italian, Luccheni, who had come thither intending to kill the Duke of York, but, not finding him, vented his fury upon the Empress. Luccheni was immediately apprehended and sentenced to solitary confinement for life. The death of the Empress caused the summoning of an anti-anarchist conference, attended by representatives of the various governments. The sessions were held at Rome, November 24th to December 21st. The results were not made public. King Humbert of Italy was assassinated July 29, 1900, by a countryman, Angelo Bresci. Bresci had been living in America, and went to Italy intending to assassinate the King. The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Bibliography. E. V. Zenker, Anarchism, A Criticism and History of the Anarchist Theory (New York, 1897); B. R. Tucker, Instead of a Book (New York, 1893); Yarros, Anarchism: Its Aims and Methods (Boston, 1887); Adler, “Anarchismus,” in Conrad's Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (Jena, 1901); Stammler, Die Theorie des Anarchismus (Berlin, 1894); Shaw, The Impossibilities of Anarchism (Fabian tract No. 45, London, 1895). Consult also Nettlau, Bibliographie de l'anarchie (Paris, 1897). See Communism; Socialism.
AN'ASTA'SIA (?-597). A Greek saint. Her beauty attracted the Emperor .Justinian, and in order to escape his dishonorable attentions she retired to Alexandria, where she lived twenty-eight years, disguised as a monk. The date of her commemoration is March 10th.
ANASTASIA, Saint. A Christian martyr, slain during the reign of Nero (54-08 A.D.). She is said to have been a pupil of St. Peter and St. Paul. The date of her commemoration is April loth.
ANASTASIA THE YOUNG'ER. A noble
Roman woman who suffered martyrdom during
the Diocletian persecution (303 a.d. ) ; the wife
of Publius, a pagan, who informed against her
as a Christian. Two letters written by her in
prison are preserved in Suidas. The Greeks
commemorate her as a saint on December 22d;
the Latins, on December 25th.
AN'ASTA'SIUS I. (c. 438-518). Emperor of
the East. He was proclaimed emperor at Con-
stantinople on the death of Zeno, in 491. He
was a native of Dyrrachium, but had spent
most of his life in public office at Constanti-
nople. He was about fifty-three years old at
his accession, and was noted for his ability,
integrity, and justice. "Reign as you have
lived" was the cry with which he was greeted
on his first public appearance. He married the
widow of Zeno. but had no children. His reign
was troubled by local revolts, by a war with
Persia in 503-505, and by invasions of Huns,
Slavs, and Bulgarians. To check the last, Anas-
tasius built, in 512. the wall which bears his
name, 35 miles west of Constantinople. Yet
his reign was a very prosperous one. He was
unpopular with some, because he was suspected
of being addicted to the Monophysite heresy
(q.v. ) ; with others, because he was thought to
be too puritanical. He suppressed gladiatorial
combats with wild beasts and licentious dances.
He erected fortresses on the boundaries, restored
ruined cities, suppressed some of the most obnox-
ious taxes : yet he left the treasury, which he had
found empty, filled with 320.000 pounds of gold ;
and a well-disciplined army of 150,000 men.
He preserved the Empire intact, having governed
it wisely, leniently, and justly.
ANASTASIUS II. (died 719?). Emperor of the East, elected to the throne of Constantinople by the Senate and people in 713. He organized a formidable naval force, which mutinied at Rhodes and proclaimed Theodosius, a low person, emperor. Theodosius took Constantinople six
