N. C, graduated at West Point in 1S52, and in 1855 was appointed first lieutenant, serving as regimental adjutant after 1858. He resigned in 1861 to enter the Confederate service, and soon became a brigadier-general and was placed in general command of the North Carolina coast defenses. While leading a brigade at the battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862), he was fa- tally wounded, and died on October 16th.
ANDERSON, James, LL.D. (1730-1808). A
Scotoli writer on political economy and agricul-
ture. He was born at the village of Hermiston,
near Edinburgh, and lost both his parents when
very young, so that the management of a large
farm,' which had been in the possession of the
family for a long time, devolved upon him. Rec-
ognizing the practical importance of a knowledge
of cliemistry to a farmer, he attended the cliem-
istry class "in the University of Edinburgh, and
brought the results of his study to bear on his
profession. He invented, at an early period of
life, the small two-horse plow without wheels,
commonly called the Scotch plow, which is
generally admitted to have been one of the most
useful improvements of agricultural implements
ever introduced. When only twenty-four years
old he went to Aberdeenshire, where he rented a
large moorland farm of 1300 acres. Here he re-
mained for a considerable time, devoting his
leisure hours to writing upon agriculture. His
first attempt was a series of essays upon plant-
ing, which, under the signature of "Agricola," lie
contributed to the Edinburgh Weekly Magazine.
In 1780 the University of Aberdeen bestowed on
him the degi'ee of doctor of laws. In 1784, on
account of his pamphlet, entitled Encouragement
of the Is'ational Fisheries, he was engaged by the
Government to make a survey of the western
coast of Scotland, with special reference to that
object. He next began, in 1791, the publication
of a periodical called The Bee, which was con-
tinued for three years. In 1797 he went to Lon-
don, where he pursued his literary occupations
with such intense assiduity that his health grad-
ually gave way. He died on October 15, ISOS.
Anderson well deserves a place in any record
which details the remarkable advances made by
Scotland in agriculture and other sources of
wealth in the latter half of the eighteenth cen-
tury. His Bee was the type of many periodical
miscellanies of a popular nature, mingling in-
struction with entertainment, which have since
been published. He also published: An Inquiry
Into the Xatnrc of the Corn Laws, With a View
of the Corn Bill Proposed for Scotland (1777) ;
Observations on the Means of Inciting a Spirit
of National Industry (1777) ; An Account of the
Present State of the /7e6ridfs (1785) : Observa-
tions on Slavery (1789); Recreations in Agri-
culture, Natural History, Arts, and Miscellaneous
Literature, 6 volumes "( 1799-1S02) . Several of
the doctrines of later economists, notably the
Eicardian theory of rent, are foieshadowed in
Anderson's writings.
ANDERSON, Sir James ( 1824—) A Scotch navigator. He was born at Dumfries, and in 1851 entered the service of the Cunard company. He commanded successively four vessels of that line, and so distinguished himself by his excellent judgment and high skill that, in 1805, he was selected to command the Oreat Eastern when that vessel was chartered to lay the Atlantic cable (see Atlantic Telegraph)", and thenceforth his name becomes intimately associated with the
achievements of that celebrated cable transport.
ANDERSON, John, F.R.S. (1720-96). A Scotch professor of natural philosophy in the University of Glasgow, and founder of the institution in that city bearing his name. He was born in the parish of Roseneath, Dumbartonshire. He studied at the University of Glasgow,
in which, in his thirtieth jear, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages. Four years later (1760) he was transferred to the chair of natural philosophy. He was greatly interested in the practical application of science, and in a spirit of philanthropy he instituted a lecture course for artisans, in addition to his usual lectures, which were erudite and technical. He continued these twice every week during the session to the end of his life. His valuable work, entitled Institutes of Physics, appeai-ed in 1786. Shortl}- before the French Revolution he invented a form of gun whose recoil was stopped by the condensation of air within the body of
the carriage; but, after having endeavored in
vain to attract the attention of the British Gov-
ernment to it, he proceeded to Paris in 1791.
and, being a sympathizer with the Revolution,
presented his model to the National Convention.
It was hung up in their hall with the following
inscription over it: "The gift of Science to Lib-
ERTT." Afterward, when the allied forces had
drawn a military cordon around the frontiers of
France to prevent the introduction of French
newspapers into Germany, Anderson ingeniously
suggested the expedient, which was adopted and
proved quite successful, of making small balloons
of paper, to which newspapers and manifestoes
were tied, and letting them off, when the wind
was favorable, for Germany. By his will he
directed that the whole of his effects, of every
kind, should be devoted to the establishment of
an educational institution in Glasgow to be
known as Anderson's University.
ANDERSON, John (1833-1900). A Scotch
scientist, born at Edinburgh. He studied at Ed-
inburgh University, and from 1864 to 1886 was
professor of comparative anatomy at the Cal-
cutta Medical College and curator of the gov-
ernment museum. As scientific officer, he ac-
companied expeditions to western China in 1868-
69 and in 1874-75. In 1881 he was commissioned
to make an investigation of the marine animals
of the Mergui archipelago. He was a fellow
of the Royal Society and a contributor to scien-
tific journals, and published Mnndelay to Momen
(1875), Anatomical and Zoological Researcheif
(1878), Two Expeditions to Western China
(1876), Fauna of Mergui and its Archipel-
ago (1889), and Herpetology of Arabia, xvith a
Preliminary List of the Repiiles and Batrachians
of Egypt ("1896). His observations in thellcrgui
archipelago appeared ' in Volumes XXI. and
XXII. of the Journal of the Linniean Society.
ANDERSON, John Jacob (1821 — ). An American author. He was born in New York City, and graduated at the Normal School there. For thirty years he was attached to, and for twenty years was principal of, a large grammar school in New York. He has a wide reputation
as an author of text-books of history, among his numerous publications of this description being the following: Pictorial School History of the United States (1863), A School History of Eng-
