land makes the republic partly depend upon France for its grain. The chief industry is the production of coarse cloth, and the exports consist of wood, metal ores, cloth, and some dairy products.
Andorra was declared an independent btate by Charlemagne, in reward for services rendered to him by its inhabitants when he was marching against the Moors. In 1278 Andorra was transferred to the Comte de Foix and the Bishop of Urgel, and was administered by two vigmers appointed by them. During the French Revolution the relations between Andorra and France were interrupted on account of the latter's refusal to accept the annual tribute, which was considered incompatible with a republican form of government. In 1806, however, the former relations were renewed, and the free importation of cereals from France was allowed in considera- tion of an annual tribute of 960 francs. The Republic is governed by a sovereign council of twenty-four members, chosen for a period of four years' by the heads of the communities. The council is presided over by two syndics, both chosen by the members of the council, one for life and the other for a term of four years. There are two judges called figuicrs, of whom the first, a French subject, is appointed by France, and the second, a native, by the Bishop of Urgel. There is also a civil judge, appointed by France and the Bishop of Urgel alternately. Under each viguicr is an inferior judge called a lailie; there "is an appeal from his judgment to the civil judge, and finally to the Court of Cassation at Paris, or to the episcopal college at Urgel. In criminal cases there is no appeal from the Court of the Republic itself, in which the first vif/uier presides. The revenue of the State is derived from lands and from some inconsid- erable taxes. The Bishop sf Urgel receives from the Republic an annual sum of 460 francs. The manner of life of the Andorrans is very simple. There are schools, but education is in a low state. Every able-bodied citizen of the Republic is liable to military service between the ages of sixteen and sixty. In the Carlist wars the neu- trality of Andorra was strictly respected, though various complications resulted from its connec- tion with the Bishop of Urgel. The capital, Andorra, is situated in the mountains, and has a population of about 1000. The population of the Republic is estimated at 6000. Consult: Spender, Through the High Pyrenees (London, 1898) ; Deverell, History of the Republic of An- dorra (Bristol, 1885) : Tucker, The Valley of Andorra (Cambridge, Mass., 1882).
AN'DOVER. A town of Essex Co., Mass.
It includes several villages, and lies south of the
Merrimac. The town proper is 22 miles north of
Boston, on the eastern bank of the Shawsheen,
and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map:
Massachusetts, E 2). It produces twine and
thread, woolen goods, shoes, rubber goods, print-
ers' ink, and other manufactures. Andover is
noted for its educational institutions, namely,
the Phillips Academy for boys, founded in 1778;
Andover Theological'Seminary, and AVibot A<Mde-
my for young Indies. It has a public library, and
owns and operates its water works. The covern-
ment is administered by town meetings, annual
and special, which elect as executive officers three
selectmen, make appropriations, and transact
other business. First settled in 1643, Andover
was incorporated as a town in 1646. It was
within the area especially affected by the witch-
craft delusion of 1092, and three of its citizens
were convicted and executed at Salem, many
more being tried and acquitted. On March .5,
1698, it was attacked by Indians, who killed
five of the inhabitants and burned a number of
the buildings. Consult: Abbot, History of An-
dorer (Andover, 1829), and Bailey, Historical
Hketches of Andover (Boston. 1880). Popula-
tion, in 1890, 6142; in 1900, 6813.
ANDOVER THE'OLOG'ICAL SEM'INARY. One of the oldest and most famous theological schools in America. It was founded in 1807, and, although under the control of Congregationalists, is free to Protestants of all
denominations. Applicants for the regular three years' course are required, except in special cases, to present a college diploma. No charge is made for tuition or for room-rent in the seminary buildings. The endowment fund amounted in iOOl to about $850,000. and the value of the
college property to $250,000. The library contains over 30,000 volumes. In 1900 there were six professors and five lecturers and instructors. President, Charles Orrin Day, D.D. Consult Woods, A History of Andorer (Boston, 1884).
ANDOVER THEOL'OGY. See New Theology.
ANDRADA E SILVA, an-drii'da e sel'va, Jose Bonifacio d' (1765-1838). A Brazilian statesman and author, born at Santos. He studied in Europe, became professor of geognosy and metallurgy in the University of Coimbra. Portugal, and 'was in 1812 appointed perpetual
secretary of the Acadenr- of Sciences at Lisbon.
Having 'returned to Brazil in 1819, hevvas a
prominent advocate of independence, and in 1822
and 1823 was Minister of the Interior in the Cab-
inet of Dom Pedro I. From 1823 to 1829 he was
in banishment in France by reason of his liberal
views. He published Poesias d'Americo Elyseo
(Bordeaux, 1825), and writings on mineralogy.
ANDRAL, a.N'drar, Gabriel (1797-1876). A
celebrated French physician, member of the Insti-
tute, He was born in Paris. In 1823 he estab-
lished his reputation by the publication of tlic
first of the four volumes of his Clinique medicate.
In 1827 he was ap])ointed professor of hygiene in
the University of Paris, and in 1830 was advance<l
to the chair 'of internal patholog}'. His paper
.S'ur Vanatomie puthologique du tube digestif
(on the pathological anatomy of the alimeiitaiy
canal) was greatly admired, and in 1829 lie
produced a Precis clcmcntaire on the same sci-
ence. His Clinique mcdicale treats principally of
diseases of the chest, of the abdomen, and of the
brain. In 1839 Andral was elected by his col-
leagues to succeed Broussais in the chair of pa-
thology and general 1 herapeutics, the highest in
the school. His other works include Projet d'lin
essai sur la vitalitc (1835), an edition of La-n-
nec"s Traitc de lUmseultation mediate ou traitr
du diagnostic des poumons et du cccur (1830),
Cours de pathologic vnterne (1836-37), Sur le
traitement de la fiirre typhoidc par les pur-
qalUs (1837). In 1843 he presented to the
institute his Traitf. flementaire de pathologic
et de therapeutique generate. His father, Guil-
lauine Andral. was also a physician of note.
ANDRÁSSY. iinMni-shi, Gvula (Julius), (^orxT { 1823-90). An Hungarian statesman. Irorii at Zemplen. He was in the Presburg Diet iir
