plays have been collected and published under the" titles of Vaudevilles und Liistspielc (4 volumes. Berlin. 1828-42), and yeuestcs Eomisches Theatre, 3 volumes (Hamburg, 1830-41).
AN'GER (leel. angr, grief, straits; 0. H. G.
anf/iist: Ger. Aiiffst, anxiety; Lat. angor, a chok-
ing, strangling, anguish, from the root ang, seen
in Lat. angustus, narrow, close; Gk. avxi, anchi,
near; Ger. eng, narrow, close; A, S. ange, onge,
narrow, strait, troubled). An emotion (q.v.)
characterized by a peculiar, aggressive attitude
toward its object (usually a person) and by the
large number of expressive bodily movements
which accompany it. Bain finds the essential
element in anger to be '"an impulse knowingly to
intliet suffering upon another sentient being, and
to derive a positive gratification therefrom."
This impulse is usually connected, at least in the
experience of the human adult, with a vivid con-
sciousness of self and the sense of injury to
person or property. There are several varieties
of anger, differing in the motives which introduce
them, the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the
motive consciousness, and the avenues of acti'ity
through which the emotion works itself out.
Language bears witness to the great number of
shades of anger in the words rage, ire, fury,
wrath, temper, gall, frenzy, and in a host of
descriptive adjeeties, such as bitter, defiant,
frantic, demoniacal, hot, indignant, violent,
vicious, furious, malignant, raving, resentful,
mad. volcanic.
The anger known as "righteous indignation" is aroused by strong ethical motives. The angry individual is persuaded that a wrong has been done himself, or some object, or another person. This is a resentful anger, and includes a moral judgment of condemnation. The emotion is pleasant (except where it is introduced by too great a shock, or where the consciousness of moral obliquity counteracts the pleasantness) and develops by an expansion — both mental and physical — of the individual. As the agent of justice, the angered person acquires an amount of self-esteem, which is reflected in a tendency to muscular activity, deepened respiration, and aggressive postures. On the other hand, when anger is complicated by the emotions of fear, hatred, envy, or jealousy, or when it is baSied, it acquires a different character. It then becomes unpleasantly toned, is accompanied by choking and stuffiness, trembling and weakness, and a loss of muscular force. But even in anger which is intrinsically unpleasant, a successful termination of the attempt to injure the object of the emotion brings a moment of satisfaction and pleasure, as in the humiliation of a rival. The most common bodily accompaniments of anger are vaso-motor disturbances (most easily seen in flushing and pallor), glandular secretion (such as tears and saliva), modifications of respiration, and involuntary movements. Other more or less specific bodily signs are screaming, crying, threatening articulations, trembling, stamping, facial contortions, scratching, striking. The coarser bodily expressions of anger are more modernte in the adult and the cultured than in the child and primitive man. The efforts of society to secure justice and well-being for the individual destroy many of the sanctions for anger and also control its manifestations. Doubtless the value of anger in the history of the race has been great. It has prevented the encroachments upon the individual which tend toward extermination. Consult A. Bain, The Emotions and the Will (London, 1880).
ANG'ERBO'DA. In Norse mythology, a
giantess, mother of Fenrir (q.v.).
ANGERMANELF, ong'erman-elf. A river
in Sweden, rising on its western boundary
(Map: Sweden, G 5). After passing numerous
lakes, it enters the Gulf of Bothnia by a large
estuary, above Hernijsand. It is about 150 miles
long, navigable for 75 miles, and celebrated for
the beautiful scenery of its banks.
ANGERMANLAND. A former division of
Sweden, now chiefly comprised in the liin of
Ve.sternorrland. It extends along the Gulf of
Bothnia and is watered by the River Angcr-
mann. The district exhibits great variety
ol wild and beautiful landscape — wood, mount,
stream, and lake. It is under a high state of
cultivation, producing barley, rye, and pease,
and abounding in excellent pasturage. The in-
habitants are favorably kno^vn for their sobriety,
industrious habits, and general prosperity. The
chief town, Hernosand, with a population of
5800, stands on the small island of Hernij, and
has weekly steam communication with Stock-
holm. It is the see of a bishop. It has a literary
and printing establishment with Lappish type.
There are public baths and graving docks. It
exports linen fabrics, and the Baltic products
generally.
ANGERMÜNDE, ang'er-mnn'de. A garrison town and railway junction, capital of a circle of the same name in the province of Brandenburg. Prussia, 45 miles northeast of Berlin by rail. It has manufactures of woolen and linen goods. Its principal public building is St. Marv's Church, a loftv Gothic structure of the thirteenth century. Pop.' 1895, 7334; 1900. 7406.
AN'GERO'NA. An early Roman divinity in some way connected with silence and always represented with her finger on her lips or the mouth bound with a fillet. Her festival, which was celebrated on the 21st of December, would seem to indicate some relationship with the winter solstice. Later she took on the nature of a goddess of sorrow and disease.
ANGERS, iix'zha' (the ancient Andes, capital of a (iallic tribe, known under the Lat. form Andecavi) . Formerly the capital of the Duchy of Anjou, and now of the French Department of Maine-et-Loire, situated on both sides of the navigable river Mayenne, not far from the junction of the Sarthe with it, and about five miles from its confluence with the Loire (Map: France, F 4). Old Augers. "The Black City." is fast disappearing, and a new, bright town taking its place. The ancient walls are changed into shady boulevards: new-fashioned buildings and bridges are appearing. The cathedral of St. Maurice is one of the oldest surviving structures, and is a fine specimen of thirteenth century Gothic. The castle of Philip Augustus still stands, with its round towers. Angers is the sec of a bishop. It has also a Catholic school, with faculties of law, mathematics, science, and philosophy, a school of art. and theological seminary, an institution for the deaf and dumb, a botanical garden. a large picture gallery, and a public library. The ruins of the ancient castle of Angers, built by St. Louis about the middle of the thirteenth century, are situated on a projecting rock above the river. Sail-making, cotton-spinning, stocking-
