tory (London, I'JUO) ; 'rmiiiT, History of the Aniiln-Saxons (London. 17!)!l-1805) . See England.
ANGLO-SAXON VER'SION. See Bible.
ANGOL, an-ijul'. Tlie capital of a department
of the same name, and of the province of Mal-
leco, Chile, 70 miles southeast of Coneepeion. It
is on a branch railway line which extends 4.5
miles southward to Traiguen. Pop. in 1885,
(i:!.31; ISn.i, 70.56.
ANGOLA, au-go'la (Portug. for the native
name Xyola). A Portuguese colony in West Af-
rica, extending from 0° to 17° S. lat. and from
12° to about 25° E. long. (Map: Africa, PC). It
is bounded by German Southwest Africa on the
south, British Central Africa on the east, and
Congo Free State on the east and north. Its
coastlineontheAtlantic is about 1000 miles long,
and its entire area, including the small posses-
sion of Kabinda, north of the Congo, is nearly
485.000 square miles. The surface is very
mountainous in the west, where some of the
peaks reach an altitude of about 8000 feet. In
the interior there is also an e.tended range of
mountains. The coast line forms a great num-
ber of harbors, the most important of which are
Loanda, Lobito. Benguela, and ilossamedes. The
rivers are mostly short, and usually dry up dvir-
ing the arid season. The two most important
and only navigable rivers are the Kwanza and
Kuncne, both flowing into the Atlantic. The
temperature varies considerably, owing to the
uneven formation of the surface. The rain-
fall is heavier in the northern part and
in the vicinity of the coast than in the
southern part of the colony. The agricultural
products of Angola consist of manioc, coffee,
bananas, sugar cane, tobacco, and cereals. The
land is held mostly in very large plantations by
the Portuguese, and the condition of the native
farm laborers is very close to actual slavery.
The trade is chiefly with Portugal. The
chief articles exported are coffee, rubber, ivory,
wax, and fish. The imports consist mainlj' of food
products and textiles. The total value of the im-
ports and exports for 1809 was 0,314,840 railreis
($6,820,000) and 7,035,414 ($7,598,247). The
principal port is Loanda, the capital of the col-
ony, with a very considerable shipping. There is
a railway line about 250 miles long connect-
ing Loanda with AmbaUa, which is planned to
be extended to Malanje. Several lines are also
planned to be constructed in the southern part
of the country. The telegraph lines of Angola
had a total length of over 800 miles at the end
of 1899. The finances of the colony are in a
rather strained condition, in spite of heavy tax-
ation. The budget for 1839-1900 gives the rev-
enue as 1.073.111 niilreis ($1,800,9.59), expendi-
tures 2.013.671 (.$2,174,704). For administra-
tive purposes the colony is divided into five dis-
tricts, which are controlled by the Portuguese
(iovernment, but the greater part of Angola
is under the rule of native chiefs. At the head
of the colony is a governor, appointed by the
Portuguese Government. The population of An-
gola can be hardly given with any degree of ac-
curacy, estimates ranging all the way from four
to twelve millions. The btilk of the population
consists of Bundus. The number of Europeans
is comparatively smaH.only about 4000; but they
have exercised a great modifying influence on
the native population inhabiting the western
part of the colony as regards their customs and
economic condition. The aborigines in the in-
terior have retained their ancient institutions
intact. The authority of Portugal in the west-
ern part of Africa was first established by the
Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam, who visited the
estuary of the Congo in 1484. Very little, how-
ever, was done by the Portuguese Government to
extend its rule further inland, and in the mid-
dle of the sixteenth century it was almost en-
tirely superseded by the IJutch. Gradually, by
definite treaties, the Portuguese possessions in
West Africa were extended to their pi'esent pro-
portions. The claim of Portugal to the lower
Congo was settled by compromise at the Berlin
Conference of 1885, when she was awai-ded the
territory of Kabinda north of the Congo.
Consult: J. de Vasconcellos, .4s f'oloiiias Por-
tuque-as (Lisbon, 1897); Chatelaine, Angola
(Washington, 1893).
ANGO'RA (ancient Gk. "Ajxiyxi, Ankyra;
Lat. Ancyra; Turk. Engiiri). The capital of the
Turkish vilayet of the same name, in the moun-
tainous interior of Asia Minor, and distant from
Constantinople about 220 miles. The city is
fabled to have been built by Midas, the son of the
Phrygian Gordius. It was a flourishing city
under the Persians; became the capital city of
the Gallic Tectosages, who settled in Asia Minor
about 227 B.C. ; was a principal seat of eastern
trade under the Romans, and was made the capi-
tal of the Roman province of Galatia Prima. It
was the seat of one of the early churches of
Galatia, and the scene of two Christian councils,
held in 314 and 358. A decisive battle between
the Turks and Tartars was fought near Angora in
1402, in which Timur defeated and took prisoner
the Sultan Bajazet I. A temple of white marble
was erected by the citizens of Ancyra to the Em-
peror Augustus, who had greatly beautified the
city, and his deeds were recorded in inscriptions
upon a number of tablets and the columns of an
altar. These inscriptions, the Moniniientuin An-
cyrnntim, discovered by Busbeeq in 1553, are im-
portant for the elucidation of ancient history.
They w-ere first printed in Schott's edition of Au-
relius Victor (Antwerp, 1.579), and have been
edited by Mommsen (Berlin. 1883), and Willing
(Halle, 1897) . The present .Angora contains about
30,000 .inhabitants, of whom one-third are Ar-
menians. The district is famous for its breed of
goats, with beautiful silky hair eight inches long.
Of this goat-hair a kind of yarn is made, known
as Turkish yarn or camel yarn, of which a man-
ufacture of camlets is extensively carried on in
Angora itself. The Angora goat is bred for its
hair at the Cape of Good Ho])e and in Victoria,
and has also been successfully introduced into the
United Sta"tes. Of the skin of the Angora goat
the fine oriental Morocco leather is made. Many
of the animals in this region are characterized by
the length and softness of their hair, especially
the dogs, rabbits, and eats. This peculiarity
seems to depend upon the climate, an<l soon dis-
appears in Europe.
ANGORA CAT, GOAT, etc. See Cat; Goat,
etc.
ANGOENU, an'g6r-noo'. See Ngobnu.
ANGOSTURA, an'gos-too'rft. See Ciudad Bolivar.
ANGOSTURA BARK, or ANGUSTURA BARK, or Cusparia Bark. The aromatic bit-
