German flag was first planted on African soil, in 1884.
ANGRI, jin'frvA. A city in south Italy, four miles east of Pompeii (Map: Italy, F 11). It has a castle and a park, and silk and cotton factories. South of the city, on the ancient Mons Lactarius, Teja, the last King of the Ostrogoths. was defeated by Narses in 553. Pop., 1881, 7700; 1901 (commune), 11,219.
ANGSTRÖM, iing'strem, Anders Jöns (1814-74). A Swedish physicist. He entered the University of Upsala in 1833; became privat-docent in physics in 1839, keeper of the astronomical observatory in 1843, and professor of physics in 1858. From 1867 till his death he was secretary to the Royal Society of Sciences at Upsala. He wrote on heat, magnetism, and especially on optics. Among his works were Recherches sur le spectre solaire (1869), in which he published his determinations of the wave lengths of most of the dark lines of the solar spectrnm known as the Fraunhofer line; Sur les spectres des gas simples (1871), and Mémoire sur la temperature de la terre (1871). His best known work, Optiska Undersökningar (1853), treats of the principles of spectrum analysis.
ANGIUER, iiN'gya', François, the elder (1604-69). A French sculptor. He was born at Eu, and was a pupil of Simon Guillain. After a supplementary course of two years in Italy he was appointed by Louis XIII. guardian of the cabinet of antiques at the Louvre. Among his sculptures are the following: "Henri de Chabot" (formerly at the Célestins, now at Versailles); "Jacques Augustin de Thou" (Louvre), "Gasparde de la Châtres" (Versailles), "Saint Jacques de Souvré" (Salle des Anguier, Louvre).
ANGUIER, Michel (1614-86). A French sculjitor, brotlier of François Anguier. He was born at Eu and studied with Simon Guillain, after which he took a course of six years at Rome. Michel and François were equally gifted, and their works exhibit a remarkable similarity of feature. The masterpiece of Michel is the statue of Christ, executed in marble for the Sorbonne and now in the church of St. Roche at Paris.
ANGUILLA, an-gwil'la. or Little Snake (Sp. Anguila, an-ge'la ; dimin. of Lat. anguis, serpent, snake). One of the British West India Islands, about 150 miles east of Porto Rico (Map: West Indies, Q 5). It is about 17 miles long and 4 miles broad, with an area of 35 square
miles, and a population of (1893) 3838, mostly negroes. The industries are cattle raising and the production of salt, obtained from a lake in the centre of the island.
ANGUS, an'gus, Earls of. See Douglas, Family of.
ANGUS, Joseph, D.D. (1816—). A Baptist educator, born at Bolam, Northumberland, Eng- land. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and became president of the Baptist Regents' Park College, in London, in 1849. He was a member of the Bible Revision Committee, and is well known as the author of the Bible Handbook (London, 1854), Handbook of the English Tongue (1862), Handbook of English Literature (1868), Handbook of Specimens of English Literature (1866), and the commentary on Hebrews in Schaff's International Commentary (1883).
ANGUSSOLA. an-goTT'sila, or ANGUISCIOLA, in-gv0'sh6-la. Sophonisba (1535?-1625?) An Italian portrait-painter. She was born at Cremona, where she studied under Bernardino Campi and Bernardino Gatti, representatives of the Eclectic School, and imparted her own knowledge to five sisters, who also became painters,
though they never attained a prominence so great
as that of Sophonisba. Angussola's fame reached
the ears of Philip II., who invited her to Spain,
made her court painter, and liberally rewarded
her for her work. She painted portraits not only
of the King, and of Queen Isabella, but also of
many persons of high rank. At the death of her
first husband, a Sicilian nobleman, she went to
Genoa, and here married Orazio Lomenilli. In
later years she became blind, and it was then
that Van Dyck visited her and professed himself
enlightened by her conversations on art. Of her
portraits, which are to be found at Florence,
Madrid, Genoa (Lomellini Palace), and in Eng-
lish private possession, the best-known are the
numerous portraits of herself. of which there are
examples in the Uthzi and at Vienna. One of her
best productions is her "Three Sisters playing
Chess" in the National Gallery, Berlin.
ANGWANTIBO, ;ln'gwan-te'b6. The slow
lemur. See Lemur.
ANHALT, an'halt. A duchy of the German Empire, inclosed within Prussian territory (provinces of Saxony and Brandenburg) , with an area of 906 square miles (Map: Germany, E 3). The western part, adjacent to Brunswick, partakes of the mountainous character of the Hartz region, and inclines gradually toward the valley of the Elbe. The latter traverses in a western direction the main part of the Duchy, and receives the Saale, Mulde, and a few minor tributaries. Anhalt has a fertile soil well cultivated and mostly under tillage. Rye, wheat, potatoes, oats, and grasses are grown extensively. The forests occupy a considerable area, and belong chiefly to the State. The chief mineral product of Anhalt is salts of different kinds, which are worked exclusively by the Government. The output of metal ore is very limited, while coal is produced to the amount of about 1,300.000 tons annually. The manufacturing and mineral industries give occupation to over 47 per cent. of the population. The chief manufactured products are metal articles, sugar, cement, bricks, soap and other toilet articles, leather, woodenware, and spirits. Exports are chiefly sugar, spirits, grains, salt, carpets, and matches. The railway lines of Anhalt have a total length of about 180 miles, and belong chiefly to the State. The constitution of the Duchy vests the executive power with the Duke, who is assisted by the Diet. The latter is composed of thirty-six members, elected indirectly for a period of six years. The immediate executive authority is vested in the Minister of State. Anhalt is represented by one member in the Bundesrath and two deputies in the Reichstag of the German Empire. For purposes of local administration it is divided into six circles. The budget for 1900-01 balanced at about 15,500,000 marks ($3,689,000). The revenue is derived from taxes, customs, and State domains, mostly salt works. The military organization of the Duchy is under the control of Prussia. Education, elementary as well as secondary, is well provided for by the State. The State religion is Protestant, but the Catholic
