the results following on French occupation of the Laos country has been to divert trailc from Bang- kok in Siaiu to the ilekong valley and the sea coast. The first commercial caravan coming from Laos arrived at Hue in February, 1895. The principal imports are cotton goods, Chinese f)aper, machinery, metals, Chinese drugs, petro- eum, and tea. The exports consist of sugar, cinnamon, horn, ivory, skins, raw silk, wood, etc. In ISO" the imports amounted to 4,71'.)-U9 francs and the exports to 2,552,010 francs. The principal ports of Annam are Tourane, Fai-fu, Qui-nhon and Xuan-dai.
The government is in theory a monarchy. The king is assisted by a council of six members, though everything is in reality subject to the French resident superior at Hue, who has a statT of assistants and a military guard. The country is divided into twelve provinces, each of which is subdivided into fu (departments) and huje (districts). Most of the actual ad- ministration of justice and tax collection ia under the native ortieials. Service in the native army, of 10,000 men, who are luider French ollicers, is compulsoiy. The population of An- nam is estimated at about 5,000,000; by some as high as 6,000,000.
The Annamese comprise at least two different stocks — the rather primitive Jlois of the moun- tainous interior, and tlie Annamese proper, both of whom exhiljit quite uniform ])hysical types, notwithstanding intermixture with other peoples (Khmers, Malays, Chinese, .etc.) in prehistoric and in recent times. The foreign-born popula- tion, living chiefly in the towns, comprises 5000 Chinese and 400 Europeans. The .-Ynnamese proper are sliort. rather slenderly built, braehy- cephalie, and although belonging, by reason of their monosyllabic speech, to the great group of mankind of which the Chinese are the best known representatives, possess a certain physical indi- viduality of their own. They have a swaggering stride or gait, arising from a peculiar structure of the pelvis and femur and a notable separation of the big toe, or "foot-thumb, from the other toes. Like most of the peoples of this region, they possess strains of Aryan, and, possibly, negroid blood. Annamese culture and folk-lore are lai'gely rellectioiis of Chinese. From China came also their alphabet, literature, and the form of Buddhism and Confucianism professed by the more enlightened classes. The .Annamese are essentially democratic in disposition, and live in patriarchal style, the father having al- most absolute authority in his family. -Vliout 400,000 of the inhabitants are (Uitholics. Among the principal towns are Hue, the capital, Bin- diiih Vinh, Than-hoa, and Tourane.
Subjected to China, together with Tongking, in the third century B.C. by She Twang Ti, An- nam became autonomous under Chinese suzerainty in 1428 ..D. after long and sanguinary wars. In 1780 the ruler of Annam was able, with French aid. to free himself from sul)jection to China and to join Tongking and Cochin China tn his empire. This became a field of French in- fluence. Under Napoleon III., France began the establishment of her dominion in Indo-China. by engaging in hostilities with Annam in 1858. In 1802 the Kingwas compelled to cede the principal part of Cochin China to the French, and the rest of that territory was added in lS(i7. The French continied to encroach, entered in 1882 upon the conquest of Tongking (of which they became masters in 1885), and tlie treaty of June 0, 1884, ratified at Hue', February 23, 18"8(), estab- lished a French protectorate over Annam. French troops occui)y the citadel of Hue, and France controls the finances. Prince Bun-Lan, who was proclaimed king in 1889, under the name of Than-Thai, attained his majority in 1807. BiBLiOGn.u'iiY. Leraye, L'Eiiipirc d'Annam et Ic pen pie annamite (ISSfl): .Tammes, Au paya aniximite (Paris, ISOS) ; Barral, La rohmmttioii fraiif-difie au Tonkin rt en Annam (Paris, 1800) : Xorman, Peoples and Polities of the Far Kast (London, 1805) ; Fournereau, Le l^iam ancien (Paris. 1805) : Duniontier, />es syniholes ches Ics Annamites (Paris, 1890) ; and Hannah, Brief History of Eastern Asia (New York, 1900).
AN'NA MATIL'DA. A pseudonym under
which Hannah Parkliouse Cowley maintained a
poetical correspondence with Robert Merry
("Delia Crusea"), the leader of the so-called
English "Delia Cruseans," in the World, ending
about 1789, when the correspondents first met
personally. Their interchange of verses gained
an added notoriety from Gilford's satire Buriad
and Mwviad. which held it up to ridicule. "Anna
Matilda" has come to be a type of writer of taste-
less sentimentalism.
AN'NAN. A seaport and parliamentary
burgh in the county of Dumfries, Scotland, on
the river of the same name, near its entrance
into the Solway Firth (Map: Scotland, E 4). It
is neat and well built; among the chief industries
are tanning, cotton-spinning, and rope-weaving.
The river is navigable for large vessels halt a
mile below the town. There is regular commu-
nication by steamers with Liverpool and White-
haven, and railways connect the town with Ed-
inburgh, Glasgow, and Carlisle. The burgh unites
with Dumfries, etc., in returning one memVier to
Parliament. Pop., roval parliamentary and mu-
nicipal burgh, 1001, 5804.
AN'NANDALE. The valley of the river Annan, in Dunifriesshire, Scotland.
ANNANDALE, Ch.m.es (1843—). An English author. He was born in Kincardineshire, and was educated at Aberdeen Universitj-. He has edited such important works of reference as the Imperial Dietionary (London, 1882) ; Blaekie's Modern Cyclopwdiu (ib., 1890) ; and Student's
Dictionary (ib., 1S95).
ANNANDALE, Thomas (1838—). An English surgeon. He was born at Newcastle, and was educated at Edinburgh University, where he subsequently was appointed assistant to Professor Syme. He was for some time demonstrator
of anatomy under Professor Goodsir at the same university, and in 1877 was made regius professor of clinical surgery there. He has published Diseases and Injuries of Fingers and Toes (1865), Abstracts of Surgieal Principles (1S68-70), and other important works.
ANNAP'OLIS. A seaport of Nova Scotia. Originally Port Royal, the oldest European settlement in British America. It is 100 miles west of Halifax, in lat. 44° 40' N., on a river of the same name that runs into the Bay of Fundy. Us harbor is excellent, though somewhat diflicult of access; it has a trade in fruit, and is a favorite summer resort. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Established in 1604 by the French as the capital of Acadia, it was conquered by the English in 1710 and ceded by
