05). Consult: Lubbock, Ants, Bees and Wasps (New York, 1894) ; White, Avts and Their Ways (London, 188;{). For ants of the tropics, Wallace, Tropical Xature (London, 1878) ; Bates, A Xatu- ralist on the Amazon (Xew York, 1880) ; Belt, A Naturalist in Xicaragua (London, 1888) ; Mc- Cook, The AyriciiUural Ant of Texas (Philadel- phia, 1879). See Insects; Aphids; Instinct, and the names of various ants. Compare Tee- mite.
ANTACIDS, ant-as'idz {ant or anti -- acid) .
Drugs which are emploj-ed to diminish or correct
abnormal acidity in the digestive tract or the
various secretions of other organs. Those which
unite directly with free acid in the stomach or
intestines are kno'wn as direct antacids. Ex-
amples of this class are ammonia and its carbon-
ate. Remote antacids, such as the acetates, cit-
rates, and tartrates of the alkalies, act by being
changed into carbonates, and tlius increasing the
alkalinity of the blood, which in turn diminishes
the acidity of the urine. Some drugs, for ex-
ample, the carbonates or bicarbonates of sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, and lithium act
as direct and also as remote antacids. The direct
antacids are given after meals to neutralize an
excess of the natural lactic acid of the stomach
and other acids resulting from fermentation of
food. Given before meals, they cause an increase
of the acidity of the stomach contents by increas-
ing the secretion of gastric juice. The remote
antacids are largely employed in the treatment
of rheumatism and gout.
AN'T.Æ. See Pilaster.
ANT.Æ'US (Gk. 'kvTaln^, Antaios) . A figure in legends of the Greek colonies in Africa, at first located near Cyrene, finally in ilaurctania. His story is largely made up of borrowings from earlier legends. In the popular version he was a giant, son of Poseidon and Ge, who compelled all strangers to wrestle. When he was thrown, lie received fresh stiength from touching his
mother. Earth. With the skulls of those he conquered, he built a temple to his father. He was invincible until Hercules discovered the source of his power and Idllcd liim by lifting him into the air and strangling him. Later Greek writers attempted to localize the myth in a city of Upper Egypt called Antceopolis (Egyptian
name, Duhmi : Coptic, Than).
ANTAKIYEH, lin'ta-ke'ya. See Antioch.
ANTAL'CIDAS (Gk. 'AyTnAKli^a^,Antnlh-idas) .
A Spartan statesman, son of Leon. Toward the
end of the year .S93 B.C., he was sent by his gov-
ernment to Tiribazus. the Persian satrap at Sar-
dis, to break up the understanding which then
existed between Athens and Persia. He succeed-
ed by agreeing to the Persian demand that Sparta
should recognize the Persian supremacy over the
Grecian cities in .sia ilinor. This arrangement
did not meet with the approval of King .rta-
xer.xes, and the satrap was accordingly' recalled.
Shortly after, however, in 388 B.C., the King re-
stored Tiribazus, and thereby gave evidence of
his inclination toward the Spartans. Antalcidas
was once more sent to .4sia to treat with the
Persian power, this time as admiral of the
Spartan fleet. He accompanied the satraj) to the
Persian court, was well received, and succeeded
in coming to an understanding with the King on
the basis of the terras previously agreed upon.
Antalcidas returned to his fleet, freed it from
the blockade of the Athenians, and shut out the
Athenians in their turn from the .-Egean Sea.
He was now in a position to compel the accept-
ance of terms. The peace that followed was
called "The Peace of Atalcidas." In the winter
of 387-38(5 B.C., representatives of the Greek
states assembled at Sardis, wheie the terms of
the peace were read. The final ratification took
place at Sparta in 380 B.C. The terms of the
peace were as follows: (1) That all the Greek
towns on the mainland of Asia ilinor, together
with the islands Clazomen;B and Cyprus, should
remain under the protection of the Persian King.
(2) That all other Greek towns, large and small,
should be independent: but that the islands of
Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros should, as of old,
belong to Athens. (3) That war should be de-
clared against any State that refused to accept
these terms. In 370-309 B.C., we find Antalcidas
Ephor at Sparta. In 372 b.c, lu' went for the
third time to treat with the Persians, but after
the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.), he lost favor in
that quarter, and is said to have starved himself
to diadi as a result of his chagrin.
ANT'ANACLA'SIS (Gk. nrri. anti, against
-- (ivaK/.dv, anallan, to bend back). In rhetoric,
a figure in which a word is repeated in a sense
different from its first use, to give additional
force to the expression; as the remark of Ben-
jamin Franklin when he was about to sign the
declaration of American independence: "We must
all hang together or we shall assuredly all hang
separately."
ANTANANARIVO, an'ta-nil'na-re'vo, or
TANANARIVO. The capital of Madagascar,
and tavorably situated in the centre of the
island, at an elevation of over 4000 feet
(ilap: Africa, J 6). It is built chiefly of wood,
with irregular streets, and the most prominent
building is the royal palace, situated on the sum.
mit of a hill. Its commerce, owing to its inland
position and the inadequate transportation facil-
ities, is not very extensive, but it has a consid-
erable number of industrial estal)lishments. The
population, including the suburbs, is estimated
at 100,000, of which only about 200 are Eur.i-
peans, chiefly French. The natives show in their
manners, as well as in their mode of life, the
influence of European civilization.
ANTAR, an'tar, or ANTARA, .in'ta-ra, ibn
Shaudau .l-.bsi. a celebrated .rabic hero of the seventh century, and one of the famous pre-Islamic poets of Arabia. His mother was a black slave, Seliba, arid as the son of a slave he was also regarded as a slave, and obliged to render menial services to the members of his tribe. Through his warlike exploits, however, he secured not only his freedom, but a prominent position in his tribe. He died as a hero in battle. While neither the date of his birth nor of his death is known, he appears to have died shortly before the appearance of Jlohammed, in the early part of the seventh century. He gained
equal fame among the Arabs as a poet and as a hero. Of his poetical achievements, however, onlv one specimen has come down to us, which recounts his deeds, and sings of his love for Abla, whom he married. This poem is generally included in the collection of the choicest seven Arabic poems, known as the Mnallakat — a name which describes those poems as "the exalted ones." A recent edition of the Arabic text is by L. Abel, Worterverzeichnisse zur altarahischen
