and reorganized the administration along strictly absolutistie lines. He rejected all ad- vances of the Powers recommending opportun- istic reforms, and would not yield to the nation- alistic aspirations of the Italians. He raised vain protests against the aggrandizement of the royal territories at the expense of the Papal States. During the closing years of his life he lost his iiilliience with the Pope, who jielded more and more to the .Jesuit element. At his death he was prime minister to the Pope. He left his propert3% amounting to about .$S,O00,000, to his three brothers, and his alleged daughter, the Countess Lambertini, vainly sued for a share.
ANTONELLO DA MESSINA, an'to-nel'lo dii nics-sO'na ( c.l447-l'S ) . An Italian painter of the Renaissance, reputed to have been the intro- ducer of oil painting into Italj'. According to the formerly-accepted account of Vasari, he was born at Messina, studied at Rome, and then practiced in Palermo and in his native town; seeing a picture by Jan van Eyck while on a visit to Naples, he went to Flanders and learned from Inm the secret of oil painting, which he then introduced into Venice. But as van Eyck died before Antonello's birth, and for other weighty reasons given by Jlorelli, it seems more likely that he acquired his art from some Flemish master in Italy. About 1470 he removed to Venice, where he was the means of introducing oil technique, and was in turn influenced by Giovanni Bellini. His earlier works are Flemish in cluiracter, the principal ones being a "Salvator Mundi" in the National Gallery, London, and a small "Crucifixion" in the Antwerp Gallery. Among the works of his Venetian period are a "Dead Christ" (Vienna) and a "Saint Sebastian" (Berlin) ; of his portraits, which are always ad- mirable, three heads of young men. in London, Paris, and Berlin. Other male portraits are in the Trivulzi Collection (Milan) and the Borghese Pal- ace (Rome). His art is characterized by a strong realism, and he excels especially in portraiture. Consult Morelli, Italian /ViiH/ers (London, 1892).
ANTO'NIA MAIOR. (B.C. 39—?). The cider of the two daughters of IMark Antony and Octavia, and grandmother of the Emperor Nero. Her son, C. Domitius, was Nero's father. Her husband was L. Domitius Alienobarbus.
ANTO'NIA MI'NOR (c. 30 B.C.— 38 a.d.). Sister of Antonia Jfaior, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and grandmother of Caligula. Her husband was Drusus, brother of the Emperor Tiberias. Caligula at first treated her with re- spect, but afterward subjected her to indigmities.
ANTONIDES, an-to'nc-das, Jo.4.nne.s (1647- 84). A Dutch poet. He was born in Goes, and was educated at the expense of one of the chiefs of the admiralty at Amsterdam. He was the fore- most pupil of Vondel, whom he resembled in po- etical ability, although his works are marred by turgidness and monotony. He is best known by his poems, and a tragedy written at the age of nineteen, called Trazil of oven-ompelt Sinn ( "The Conquest of China"). His fame was fully es- tablished by the publication, in 1671, of Ystroom, an epic on the River Y.
AN'TONI'NA (449-c. 565). The wife of the Byzantine general Belisarius. Though the daughter of a circus-rider, she was a favorite of Theodora, the wife of Justinian, and through the influence of the Empress reduced Belisarius to a state of servile subinissivencss and impelled him to many acts of injustice. In connection with his public career, however, she frequently showed gi-eat foresight and diplomacy. See Belis.^rius.
AN'TONINE COL'UMN. The column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. It was erected in 176 a.d. to commemorate that emperor's victories in his German and Sarmatian wars. The column stood in a square surrounded by a portico, and was part of a superb group of monuments to com- memorate the Antonine dj'nast.y, similar to the column of Trajan, which it imitated, having the same height (10(1 feet), and reliefs similarly ar- ranged in ascending spirals, giving the history of the campaigns. It now adorns the Piazza Co- lonna.
AN'TONINES, Age of the. The period in Roman history marked by the reigns of Antoni- nus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (a.d. 138-180). It was noted for its peace and pros- perity.
AN'TONI'NUS, Marcus Aurelius. See Au- REi.iu.s, Mai!cus Antoninus.
ANTONINUS, Saint (1389-1459). Anarch- bishop of Florence. His real name was Antonio Pierozzi, and he is also known by the name of De' Forciglioni. At first prior to several monas- teries, he was, in 1446. appointed to the archbish- opric of Florence, where his noble efforts tended greatly to alleviate the sulferings attendant upon the pestilence, famine, and earthquake of the pe- riod 1448.53. He was canonized bv Pope Adrian VI. in 15-23. The 2d of JNlay 'is consecrated to his memory in the Roman Catholic Church. The most important of his writings are: Summa Theolor/ica, a compilation of ethical precepts, after Thomas Aquinas: Summa Coiifessionalis; Summa Historialis, a chronicle; and Lettere (Florence, 1859). A monument to him was erected in Florence, and his cell in the monastery of St. Mark's is still pointed out.
ANTONINUS, Itixerart of (Lat. Antonini Itincrarium) . A valuable geographical work, containing the names of all the places and sta- tions on the principal and cross roads of the Roman Empire, with their distances from each other in Roman miles. It has been usually at- tributed to the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus ( Caracalla ) , whence its name. The testimony, however, of the Greek geographer jEthicus, avithor of the Cosmorirapliia. assures us that a general survey of the Roman Empire was com- menced 44 B.C., in the consulship of Julius CiE- sar and M. Antonius, and completed in the reign of Augustus, when the results of the survey re- ceived the sanction of the State. These results, it is with some probability inferred, are embod- ied in this Itinerary, which, it is further supposed, received additions and amendments in the time of the Antonines. Subsequent improve- ments went down to the reign of Diocletian. The best editions are those of Wcsseling (Am- sterdam, 1735) and Parthey (Berlin, 1848). Consult D'Urban, Recueil des itindraires an- cicnx, with ten maps (Paris, 1845).
ANTONINUS. The name of several Roman emperors, avJio arc to-day generally distinguished by their titles or nicknames. See Antoninus Pius ; Aurelius : Caracalla.
ANTONINUS, Wall of (Lat. Antonini val- lum ) . See Roman Wall.
