aggravated by the patient's being unable to refrain from scratching the parts, which tends to excoriations, ulcerations, thickening of the skin, etc. The symptoms are usually most severe when the suft'erer begins to get warm in bed. The treatment in every case must aim to remove the cause, whether general or local. If the affection arise from worms, or a loaded state of the large intestines, enemata and purgatives will give im- mediate relief. If unhealthy excretions exist, attention nuist be paid to the diet, the bowels must be kept freely open, and strict local cleanliness observed. If there are any cracks or ulcers, nitrate of silver must be applied until they heal. In all cases of pruritis which have persisted for any length of time, the skin is found thickened and the redundant layers of epidermis must be removed and kept from reaceumulating by the repeated applications of ointments containing such substances as carbolic acid, calomel, and corrosive sublimate. The other principal affec- tions of the anus are fistula, piles, and prolapsus, which are discussed in special articles.
AN'VARI. A Persian poet famed for his panegyrics and for his vcTse in satiric vein. His full name was Auad-uddin Ali Anvari. He was born in the first part of the Twelfth Cen- tury, in the province of Khorassan. He first wrote under the title of Khavaran. from his na- tive district; but he afterward adopted Anvari as his poetic epithet, and by this he is known to fame. He was educated at the collegiate insti- tute at Tus (see Firdausi) and he devoted his attention especially to astronomy; but finding more opportunity for preferment at court in lit- erature, he composed a panegyric in honor of Sanjar, the ruler of Khorassan. This by its artistic grace immediately won him the royal favor, and he continued to enjoy the patronage of Sanjar's two successors as well. But Anvari's latter days were attended by ill luck. Employing his astronomical knowledge, he pro])hesied that a certain conjunction of the stars in October, 1185, would be accompanied by "a frightful storm and dire disasters. The utter failure of the evil por- tents which were predicted drove him practically into banishment, and he withdrew to Nishapur, and later retired to Balkh, where he died about 1100. Anvari's verses, as shown by his Divan, or poetical collection, are masterpieces of artis- tic form. With the consummate skill of a ro- mantic paneg>'rist he combined, in high degree, the subtle force of a keen satirist of the foibles and follies of his time. There is a lithographed edition of the Dirnii (Lueknow. 1880) . For other details consult EthP. in the Grundriss der iran- ischr)! I'hilologie, Vol. II. (Strassburg, 1891).
AN'VIL (ME. anrelf. AS. nnfilte. of iincer-
tain origin ) . An iron or steel block, with a
smooth, flat face or top, on which malleable met-
als are hammered and shaped. Anvils vary in
size from the tiny articles used by jewelers to
the enormous anvil blocks of power hammers,
which weigh several tons. (See Hammers.) Black-
smiths' anvils have a cone or horn at one end of
the flat face and a socket for a chisel in the other
end. They are commonly made of cast iron faced
with steel, the steel face being placed at the
bottom of the mold and the iron poured upon it.
ANVILLE, n>v('l', Jea>' Baptiste Bovr- r.ri(;Nox n' (1007-178-2). A French geographer, who raised that branch of knowledge to the rank of a science. He w-as born at Paris and devoted himself to geographical and mathematical studies with such success that at the age of twenty-twq he became royal geographer. He read the Greek and Latin historians and philosophers, as well aa poets, noting the names and positions of cities and nations. He advanced the science of geog- raphy, not only by the number of maps (211) which he published, but also by publication of 78 memoirs full of erudition and of historic and critical details. Most of these are included in the llccueil des memoires de VAcademie des Jnscrip- lions et Belles-lettres. His great map of Africa was the most complete published up to liis time. Among the most important of his works are: Atlas general (1737-80) ; Atlas Antiquus Major, with the Gcoqraphie ancienne ahregde '(3 vols., 1769).
ANZENGBUBER, an'tsen-groo'ber, Lrnwio (1839-80). An .-Vustrian dramatist and novel- ist, born at Vienna. He left school early, and after spending some years in business pursuits became a strolling actor at the age of nineteen. While leading this life (1860-67), he wrote a number of plays, none of which met with success, then turned to journalism, and finally accepted a clerical position in the police department of his native city. Miile thus employed he produced, in 1870, iiis "Pfarrer von Kirchfeld," an anti- clerical drama, which caused a sensation and made him famous. He now decided to devote himself exclusively to literature. In the follow- ing year was performed the "'Jleineidbauer," a powerful drama of peasant-life, by many consid- ered his masterpiece. Even more popular proved the "Kreuzelschreiber" (1872), whose subject is less sombre. All these plays were performed in the popular Theater an der Wien. A drama written for the more exacting audiences of the Burgtheater was unsuccessful, but when Anzen- gruber returned to the scenes and characters of the peasant-life he knew so well, he achieved uniform success, as with his "Gwissenswiirm" (1874), and many other plays. He showed the same power of character-drawing in his nov- els Der Schavdfleck (1876), and Der Stentstein- Iwf (1883-84). Anzengruber is a realist in the best sense of the word, and his pathos and humor are equally genuine. Although many of the characters in his plays and novels speak the dialect of Upper Austria and Styria, his works have won a conspicuous place in German literature, and several of his plays hold the Ger- man stage, no less than that of Austria, at the present day. His collected works appeared in 1896-99. See the biography, by Bettelheim (Dres- den, 1891), and Rosner, Erinnerungen an An- zengruber (Leipzig, 1891).
ANZIN, iiN'zaN'. A town in the Department of Nord, France, on the Scheldt, near Valen- ciennes, in the centre of a most productive coal- mining district (Map; France, K 1). Anzin has iron foundries, glass-works, breweries, sugar- refineries and distilleries. Pop. 1901, 14,444.
ANZIO, an'ze-o. A Mediterranean seaport in the Province of Rome, Italy, 33 miles southeast of Rome by rail. It has fishing industries and, with Nettu'no (population 1900), IV2 miles eastward, is a favorite summer bathing resort of the inhabitants of Rome. It occupies the site of Antium (q.v. ), the ancient capital of the Volsei. The modern town dates from the restoration of the harbor in 1698, by Pope Innocent XII. There are several palatial villas in the suburbs. Popu-
