and rebuilt in the Fourteentli. Also worthy of notice are the column commemorating the tlight of Calvin from Aosta in 1541, the ruins of Bra- niafame Castle, in which the Count of Challant, through jealousy, starved his wife to death, and the Leper's Tower, immortalized by Xavier de Maistre. The chief trade is in leather, cheese, and wine. The province is rich in iron, copper, and lead, and in mineral springs, of which the most famous are those of Courmayeur, Pre-Saint- Didier. and Saint Vincent. Population, m 1881, 7437; in 1901, 7875.
AOSTA, Duke of. A title of the House of Savoy, borne by Amadeus, a former King of Spain,' and now by his son, Emmanuel Filibert.
AOUDAD, a'oo-dad (Moorish name). The wild sheep of the mountains of northern Africa iOvis trayeUiphus). It is somewhat goathke in form, three feet in height, and light brown in color, with very long whitish hair growing from the throat, chest, and about the forelegs. Its horns resemble those of the bharal, and do not ex- ceed twenty-four inches in length. This animal is common in the high Atlas ranges, wlicre it wan- ders over the more precipitous regions of their arid southern slopes from the Atlantic to Tunis, keeping within sight of the Desert, and hiding a.mon" the fantastically decomposed and bushy rocks of those limestone* mountains, with singular skill. The animal has many names. In menag- eries, where it breeds and lives well, it is often labeled "rufTed mouflon" or "bearded argali"; the Moors of Algeria call it "aoudad," but the natives there know it as "artli"; it is the "kebsh" of the Egyptians, and the "tidal or "teybel" or "beden" of Nubia. See plate of ild Goats, etc. For habits ancl methods of chase, consult- E. N. Buxton, Proceedings Zoological Hociely of London (1890); and id., Short Talks (London, 1898).
APACHE, a-pii'cha. An important and war-like Indian tribe of Athapascan stock, formerly roving in small bands over an extensive territory in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico,' and extending their forays far down into Mexico. The name by which they are commonly known is from the Pima language, and sic^nifies 'enemies.' Although essentially predatory in habit and carrying on constant raids against the Mexican settlements, they remained on friendly terms with the Americans until provoked by outrages about the time of the annexation of their country by the United States, after which their condition was one of chronic hostility toward the citizens of both Governments until finally subdued and confined to their present reservation at San Carlos, Ariz. Upon the surrender of the last hostile band, the Cliincalnias, in 1880, such energetic protest against their continued presence in the Territory was made by the people of Arizona, that the whole Chiricahua band was deported to the East, and after some years of military confinement in Florida and Alabama, was settled at Fort Sill. Okla., on the Kiowa Reservation. In 1900 the A])ache tribe, incUiding 300 Chiricahuas at Fort bill, numbered 5200 souls. The .Jicarillas and ites- caleros of New Mexico, and the Lipans, formerly of Mexico, although f rciiuently spoken of as Apaches on account of their linguistic affinity, are in reality distinct tribes, and hostile to the Apaches proper.
APACHE TIM'OTHY. See Can.^ry Grass.
APAFI, o'po-fi, or ABAFI, o'bo-fl, Michael I. (1032-90), Prince of Transylvania. He ac- companied Prince George II. in an expedition against the Poles in 1050, w-as taken prisoner by the Tartars, and after his release returned to his estate. In 1001 he was chosen Prince of Transylvania, through the support of Ali Pasha, generalissimo of the Turkish forces under Sultan Mohammed IV. During the peace concluded w^ith Austria after the battle of Saint Gothard (1004), he reigned peaceably under the protection of the Porte. He remained faithful to the Otto- man power till after the siege of Vienna in 1683. [•"ortune then changed. The Imperial troops invaded the country; and in August, 1087, Apafi made a treaty with the Emperor by which Transvlvania was declared to be freed from Turkish suzeraintv, and placed under Austrian protection. At Fogaras the Transylvanian depu- ties, assembled at the National Diet, took the oath of fealty to the Hap.sburgs as legitimate monarehs of Hungary. Ever since the death of his wife, Anna Bornemitza, in 1088, Apafi had been sorely atHicted both in body and mind, and died (April 15, 1090) on the eve of a fierce retributive war, commenced by his old allies, the Turks, who considered themselves ill-used by his desertion of them. His son. Michael II. (died 1713), suc- ceeded to the throne and its perils. The Turks, under the vizier Kiuprili, overthrew the Imperial army, but the internal troubles of the Ottoman Empire hindered them, or rather Count Tokiilyi (q.v.), whom they were supporting, from reap- ing the fruits of "their successes. The Imperial troops subsequentlv regained everything. By the Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699, Transylvania was in- corporated with Hungary, and the young Tran- sylvanian prince was inveigled to Vienna, and ca- ioled into giving up his dominions to Austria in lieu cif a |ieiision of some 15.000 florins.
APALACHEE, a'pala'che, or APALACHI, a'pa-la'chi. A tribe of Muskhowan stock formerly occupying the country about Apalachee Bav, northwestern Florida. About the close of " the sixteenth century Spanish Franciscan jiriests established missions among them, which continued in a prosperous condition for more than a hundred vears, until invaded in 1702-8 by the English from Carolina, accompanied by a large force of Indian auxiliaries. In three several expeditions the mission churches were burned, the missionaries slain, and the Apalachee tribe ].ractically wiped out of existence, more than one thousand prisoners being brought back to be sold as slaves in Carolina or distributed by the English among their savage allies. A large number were thus incorporated among, the Creeks, where for a. time they preserved their name and language, but are now extinct.
AP'ALACH'EE BAY. An arm of the Gulf of Mexico near the northwestern part of Florida, extending about 50 miles inland (Map: Florida, U 1). It receives the waters of Saint Mark's River, at the mouth of which stands the town of the same name. Its average depth is 18 feet, and it affords a good harbor for small craft.
APALACHICOLA, a'pa-lach-i-ko'la. A city, port of entry. and county seat of Franklin Co f la , eighty-five miles southwest of Tallahassee' on Saint George Sound (Gulf of Mexico) at the mouth of the Apalachicola River (Map: Florida C 2 ) . The value of its foreign commerce amounted in 1901 to about $370,000, a very large
