an iiniiortant source for the rules of the primi- tive CInircli. A translation of hoth nuiy l>e found in the Ante-Xiceiie Fathers. Volume VII. (Buf- falo, 18S6), and a bibliography in Volume IX. ( Bulla lo, ISST). The original text was edited by P. Lagarde (Leipzig, 18C2). For the Canons consult especially: Lauchert, Kanoiies (Frei- burg and Leipzig, 1890); for the Constitutions, Funk. Die Apostolischen Koiistitiitioiien (Roth- enburg. 1801).
APOSTOLIC FA'THERS. The name given to the disciples and fellow-laborers of the -Apos- tles, especially to those among them who have left real or so-considered writings behind them. These writings, in Lightfoot's edition, comprise the Epistle of Clement of Home, and his so- called Second Epistle, which really- is not his at all; the seven Epistles of Ignatius of Antioeh; the Epistle of Polycarp of Smyrna; the Martyr- dom of Polycarp; the Teachings of the xpostle3 (the Didaehe); the Epistle of Barnabas; the Shepherd of Hermas; the Epistle of Diognetus; the fragments of Papias: and the Reliques of the Elders, preserved in Irenaeus. The writings of the Apostolic Fathers, as to their form and subject, may be looked upon as a continuation of the apostolic epistles, though far inferior to them. Their main purpo.se is to exhort to faith and holiness before Christ's coming again. Edi- tions of the Apostolic Fathers were published by J. B. Cotelerius (Paris, 1072); V. Jacob- son (Oxford, 1838); C. J. Hefele (Tubingen, 18.39); A. R. 51. Dressel (Leipzig, 18.37); Geb- hardt. Zahn, and Harnack (Leipzig, 1876-78; text edition, 1877; third edition, 1900); ,J. B. Lightfoot (texts and English translation, Lon- don, 1891: second edition, 189.'i). There is a separate English translation in Ante-Xicene Library (Edinburgh), Volume I., 1867; Chris- tian Literature editions (Xew York) VII. and IX. See the separate articles on the Apostolic Fathers mentioned above.
AP'OSTOL'ICI, or APOTAC'TICI (i.e., re- nuneiants). A sect of heretics in Phrygia, Cili- cia, and Pamphylia. in the Third and Fourth cen- turies, who renounced all their possessions, for- bade nuirriage as unchaste, and adopted an ascetic mode of life.
APOSTOLIC MAJ'ESTY. A title held by the kings of Hungary, conferred in 1000 by Pojie Sylvester II. along with the regal crown upon Saint Stephen, ruler of Hungary, who had not only greatly encouraged the progress of Chris- tianity in Hungary, but actually preached him- self. In 1758 the title was renewed by Pope Clement XIIL, in favor of Maria Theresa, as Queen of Hinigary, and it continues to be used by the Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary.
APOSTOLIC MENNONITE CHURCH. See Mexndmtks.
APOSTOLIC PAR'TY. The name given in Spain early in the Nineteenth Century to a faction of fanatical Catholics, who demanded the restoration of the Inquisition and the rees- tablishment of the unlimited power of the King. They formed themselves (soon after the revolu- tion of 1820) into an Apostolic Party, whose leaders were fugitive priests, and whose troops were snuigglers and robbers. They were ])opu- larly supposed to be ruled by a conunittee known as the Apostolic Junta. After taking an active part in all the subsequent agitations, they finally merged (1830) in the Carlist Party.
APOSTOLIC SUCCES'SION. The system according to which a person is consecrated to episcopal authority and otlice by those who have themselves received it from others, tracing their authority back by successive ascent to the A])os- tles; the law by which the Church, as an organic body, is made self-perpetuating. Outside of scriptural authority for the doctrine, the Epis- tles of Ignatius (q.v. ) and the earliest canon of post-apostolic times (which orders that the con- secrators shall be three, the purpose being that the consecration shall be open and well-known), are appealed to as proofs of the continuity of its maintenance. It is strictly insisted upon by the Roman Catholic, the Eastern, and ( in modern theory, though with some very doubtful points in the Sixteenth Centurj-) by the Anglican churches, none of which recognizes as legitimate ministers those who have not received ordination from a bishop in this succession; and a few- minor bodies, like the Vaudois and the Mora- vians, assert that they can trace some kind of succession in a direct line to the apostles. See Bishop; Roman Catholic Church. Consult Haddan, Apostolic Succession in the Church of England (London, 1869).
APOS'TROPHE. See Chlokoplast.
APOTH'ECARY. See Chemists and Druggists.
APOTHEGM, ap'6-them (Gk. dv6<pgcyna, apophtlicgiiia, an utterance). A term used to designate any truth or maxim sententiously ex- pressed. The oracles of the heathen gods often took this form, as also the proverbs, memorable sayings, etc., of the sages of antiquity. In mod- ern times, Lord Bacon has made a charming col- lection of apothegms.
AP'OTHE'OSIS (Gk. dirof^^uo-is, deification, from aird. upo, away + Se6s, th^-os, god, deity). The raising of a mortal to the rank of a god. From the polytheistic point of view, there is nothing monstrous in this idea; on the contrary, it is quite natural, and a necessary part of the ' system. Among pagans generally, and especially among the Romans, every departed spirit became a deity (see Lares); "and as it was common for children to worship (privately) the manes of their fathers, so was it natural for divine honors to be paid publicly to a deceased emperor, who was regarded as the parent of his country." At the Consecratio, as it was called, of a Roman emperor, the body was burned on a funeral pile, and as the fire ascended, an eagle was let loose to mount into the sky, carrying, as was believed, the soul of the Emperor fnmi earth to heaven. Many coins of deified Roman emperors are found with the word consecratio surrounding an altar, with fire on it.
APOX'YOM'ENOS (Gk. d7ro|u6^eyos, scraping one's self, from iirS, apo, away + iieiv, xycin, to scrape). A well-preserved marble copy in the Vatican of a statue by Lysippus, represent- ing an athlete scraping himself with the strigil. It was found in Trastavere, at Rome, in 1849. The original was in bronze, and stood in front of the baths of Agrippa.
AP'PALACH'IAN MOUN'TAIN CLUB. A society of persons interested in the mountains of New England and adjacent regions. It was organized in 1876, incorporated in 1878, and au-
