vestigations of apperception deal for the most part with the time-relations of the various factors involved; the later investigations have analyzed the conditions under which apperception occurs. Valuable results have been gained by a study of the apperception of ideas as conveyed by language (q.v.), both spoken and written.
Bibliography. Leibnitz, New Essays (New York, 1896); Herbart, Text-Book in Psychology (New York, 1891); Stout, Analytic Psychology (London, 1896); Wundt, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Leipzig, 1893); Logik (Stuttgart, 1893); and Outlines of Psychology (Leipzig, 1897). Experimental: Erdmann and Dodge, Psychologische Untersuchungen über das Lesen auf experimenteller Grundlage (Halle, 1898); Lange, Apperception: A Monograph on Psychology and Pedagogy (Boston, 1893). See Knowledge, Theory of; Association of Ideas; Psychology.
APPERT, a'par',
Benjamin Nicolas Marie (1797-c. 1847). A French philanthropist and educator, born in Paris. He introduced into several military schools a system of mutual instruction, and in 1820 founded and conducted gratuitously a school for prisoners at Montaigu. He was suspected of having aided the escape of two prisoners and was himself confined in the military prison. Here he made a study of the moral and physical circumstances of the prisoners, and after his liberation he devoted much time to the study of schools, prisons, and hospitals, and published his researches in his Journal des Prisons (1825-30). After the Revolution of 1830 he was employed by Louis Philippe to superintend the measures taken for the relief of the indigent classes. He also wrote a work entitled Dix ans à la cour du roi Louis-Philippe (1846). In his Conférences contre le système cellulaire, he strongly opposed the system of solitary confinement. It is said that he taught at least 100,000 soldiers to read and write. He has been criticised for one-sidedness, but seems to have been a sincere and warm-hearted philanthropist.
APPERT, François (?-1840). A French technologist, the brother of Benjamin Appert. He invented (1804) a method of preserving food, without the use of chemicals. His method is fully described in his work on the Art of Preserving Animal and Vegetahle Substances (Paris, 1810; English translation, London, 1811). It is the well-known method of placing the article of food to be preserved in a can, after heating it, and then sealing the can hermetically. The publication of his method brought Appert a prize of 12,000 francs from the French Government.
AP'PETITE. See Digestion, Organs and Process of, in Man.
APPIANI, il'pe-ii'no,
Andrea (1754-1817). An Italian painter, born at Milan. His artistic training consisted in extensive studies of antique sculpture and of the chief masters of the Renaissance, especially of Raphael. He first acquired fame by the frescoes of the palace of Monza and of the cupola of Santa Maria presso San Celso (Milan), and was appointed first painter of the court of Italy by Napoleon. He portrayed the emperor, the viceroy of Italy, and his family, and decorated the royal palace at Milan. After his patron's fall, he was afflicted by poverty and illness, and died of apoplexy.
AP'PIA'NUS (Gk. Ἀππιανὸς, Appianos) . A native of Alexandria, who lived during the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. He was the author of a Roman history in Greek, entitled Ρωμαϊκά, (Rōmaïka) , in twenty-four books, of which only eleven are extant. It was not remarkable for anything except the plan on which it was written. Instead of proceeding to exhibit chronologically the growth of the Empire, from its rude beginning on the Palatine Hill to the period when its power held the whole world in awe, which is at once the popular and the philosophical method, he divided his work into ethnographic sections, recording separately the history of each nation up to the time of its conquest by the Romans. First in order were the books devoted to the old Italian tribes, and afterwards followed the history of Sicily, Spain, Hannibal's wars, Libya, Carthage, and Numidia, Macedonia, Greece Proper and its colonies, Syria, Parthia, the Mithridatic wars, the civil wars, and the imperial wars in Illyria and Arabia. As an historian, Appianus is a mere compiler, and not very accurate in his compilation. His geographical knowledge in particular is singularly deficient, considering the age in which he lived. The best edition is that of L. Mendelssohn (Leipzig, 1879-81): translated by H. White (New York, 1899).
AP'PIAN WAY (Lat. Via Appia). A Roman road, well named by the poet Statius regina viarum (the queen of roads). It was begun by Appius Claudius Cæeus, while censor (B.C. 312). It is the oldest and most celebrated of all the Roman roads. It led from the Porta Capena at Rome in a southerly direction to Capua, passing through Tres Tabernæ, Appii Forum, Terracina, etc. Subsequently, it was carried on to Beneventum, Tarentum, and thence to Brundusium. It was carefully built, though the pavement of large hexagonal blocks, principally lava, on a firm foundation and strengthened by cement, is probably not the original bed. From Rome to Terracina the course is nearly straight, in spite of the steep grades in crossing the Alban Mountains, and the difficulties of the Pontine marshes. Near Rome the road was lined with tombs, of which many remains can still be seen. The most remarkable of these tombs are those of the Scipios, and of Cæcilia Metella. The ancient pavement, in good repair, is still in use in places.
APPIUS, Market of. See Forum Appii.
AP'PIUS AND VIRGIN'IA. A Roman legend of an attempted corruption of maidenly virtue, which has since proved a fertile subject for romancers. The story was originally told by Livy. It is repeated in the Pecorone di Giovanni Fiorentino, published in 1378, and again in Painter's Palace of Pleasure, in 1566. Modifications of it occur in the Roman de la Rose and in Gower's Confessio Amantis. "The Doctor" of the Canterbury Tales also repeats it in substance. The title has headed no less than three English plays: an early tragical comedy, by an unknown author signing himself R. R., a tragedy by Webster, printed in 1654, and a tragedy by Dennis, in 1709. It is also the subject of a poem, "Virginia," by Macaulay. For other plays on the same subject, see Virginius.
APPIUS CLAU'DIUS CRAS'SUS. A Roman decemvir (B.C. 451-449)- While the other decemviri were engaged in repelling an incursion made by the Sabines, Appius Claudius and his
