etc. His Life and Letters were edited by Susan Hale (1885). He founded the Boston Literary Club.
APPLETON, William Henry (1814-99). An American publisher. He was born at Haverhill, Mass., and studied in secondary schools. In 1848 he became the senior member of the firm of D. Appleton and Company, and for sixty years was prominent in the book trade. He was active in the struggle for an international copyright. Among the publications brought out by him were The New American Cyclopædia (New York, 1858-63) and the Webster's Spelling-Book (New York, 1858).
APPLIQUE, a'ple'ka' (Fr., p.p. of appliquer, to put on). In needlework, a pattern cut out from one foundation and applied to another. APPOGGIATURA, a-p6d'ja-too'ra (It., from apjioiiyiinc, to lean, rest). One of those melodic ornaments which are regarded as accessory notes having no time-value, and which are printed in small characters. There are two distinct varieties of the appoggiatura, the long and the short. The Long Appoggiatura was a device of the early classic composers, who disliked to use unprepared suspensions, and invented the idea of covering or disguising them by writing them in small notes, as mere embellishments of the melody. This unhappy inspiration has been a soiirce of needless trouble to the music-student, who is obliged to learn various rules for the proper execution of this device, in which a note is given one value in writing and another in performance. The time of an appoggiatura is taken from that of the following or "principal" note, and the appoggiatura note is marked with its actual value, while the principal note is marked with the value which both together have. The general rule for its execution is that the appoggiatura is played exactly as if it were written as a large note, and the following note is given what remains of its face value, as shown in the following examples:
WRITTEN THUS.
PLAYED THUS.
The Long Appoggiatura always occurs on the beat, and has, therefore, the accent which the principal note appears to have. When written before a chord, the appoggiatura only delays the note to which it belongs.
This device has been entirely discarded by modern composers, and Dr. Hugo Riemann wisely suggests that in new editions of the old works it should be removed, and the notes rewritten in the form in which they are to be played.
The Short Appoggiatura, now commonly called a grace-note, also originated in the early classic period. It is written as an eighth not^-, with a stroke through the stem, ^ and is played so quickly that it really has no perceptible time-value. Opinions differ as to whether it should be played on the heat or before it, the difference being merely a question of accent. The classic tradition and conservative opinion demand its execution on the beat, but many musicians of the ])resent day consider it more graceful and more truly ornamental if played without accent, before the beat. The final decision must be left to the taste of the performer.
APPOINT'MENT (Fr. appointement) . In English and American law, the act of vesting an estate in one's self or in another, under a power or authority so to do, conferred by the owner of the land. Such powers are created by deed or will, and must be exercised in the manner prescribed by the instrument conferring the power, but only by an instrument competent to create or transfer an interest in real estate. See Power of Appointment, and the authorities there noted.
Appointment to Office is the formal designation, by one in whom the authority has been lawfully vested, of a person to hold a public office or perform a public duty. The term is not properly applicable to the choice of an officer by public election. The manner in which an appointment shall be made is prescribed by law. Usually a certificate, or commission, in writing, signed by the appointing officer, is required, and this becomes a public record and constitutes the appointee's evidence of title to the office, and his justification for exercising its powers and authority. The exercise of the l)owers of an office without such formal authorization constitutes usurpation. As to the nature of the rights conferred by an appointment, see Office, and articles referred to there; see also De Facto,
APPOLD, ap'old. John George (1800-65), An English inventor. His chief inventions were an improvement of the centrifugal pump, a process for dressing furs, and an apparatus for paying out submarine telegraph wire, which was very useful in laying the Atlantic cable.
AP'POMAT'TOX COURT'HOUSE. A village in Appomattox County, Va., about twenty-five miles east of Lynchburg. Here General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to General Grant, April 9, 1865, virtually ending the Civil War.
APPONYI, op'po-nyl, Gyoegy (George), Count (1808-99). A Hungarian .statesman. He was a member of the Presburg Diet of 1843-44, and Hungarian court chancellor in 1847. He was the leader of the Conservative Party, and opposed the revolutionary movement of 1848-49. He lived in retirement until 1859, when he became a member of the Reichsrath of Vienna, where he displayed great ability as a leading advocate of various plans for restoring the Constitution to Hungary. In 1801 he opened the Diet at Budapest as Royal Commissioner and presided over the sittings of the I'pper House. He was most influential in bringing about the transformation of Austria-Hungary on the present dual basis. After serving till 1809 in the Diet, he retired to private life.—Apponyi, Albert, Count (1846—). Son of the preceding, a prominent member of the Hungarian Diet. He was originally the leader of the Conservative "National Party," but has since 1899 su])ported the Government. He is one of the most eloquent orators of Hungary.
