and as such it iiiet with a very favoral)le reception — so nuicli so that liy 1781 the Royal Tox- ojihilite Society was formed. The almost con- tinuoxis wars in , which Great Britain for the next thirty years was involved put a limit to it; l)ut after the peace of 1813 archery gradually assiuned a stronger position, attested even to this day by numerous societies, popular gatherings, and contests. .Modern practice in archery is mainly confined to shooting at targets, althougli a few sportsmen use it for still hunting. The modern targets are set at various ranges, and the concentric rings of gold (in the centre), red, blue, and l)hick and white have a value in count- ing of 9, 7, 5, 3, and 1, respectively. In America there are annual competitions of the National Archery Association, and other annual contests by the Potomac Archery Association and the Eastern Archery Association. In these there are contests in "double natioiuil rounds" of 86 arrous at 60 j'ards and 48 arrows at 50 yards; Double Columbia rounds" of 48 arrows at 50 yards, 48 arrows 'at 40 yards, and 48 ar- rows at 30 yards; "Double York rounds" of 144 arrows at 100 yards, IKi arrows at 80 yards, and 48 arrows at 60 yards: "Double American rounds" of (iO arrows at tiO yards, (iO arrows at 50 yards, and 00 arrows at 40 yards; "Potontac rounds" of 24 arrows at 80 yards, 24 arrows at 70 yards, and 24 arrows at 60 yards; as well as competitions for the longest Hight and team competitions of 96 arrows at 60 yards for men and 96 arrows at 50 yards for women.
The cross-bow, or arbalest, was shorter than the long bow. It was mounted on a stock, and discharged by means of a catcli or trigger. This form of arcliery was cliielly used by the Englisli at the sieges of fortified pl.aces and in naval battles. L'ltimatelv its use was, in the reign of Henry VII. ( 1485-1509 ) . forbidden by law, but continued intermittently for a long time. Consult: Roger Ascham, Toxophihis, or the Schole of Hlwoting (London, 1868); G. A. Han- sard, The Bool; of Archery (London, 1840); E. S. Jlorse, Archery, Ancient and Modern (Worcester, Mass., 1792); T. Roberts, The Eng- lish Bowman (London. 1801); T. Waring, A Treatise nn Archery (London, 1828).
ARCH'ES, Court of. The court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, as metropolitan of the province. The name is derived from the ancient place of sitting, which was in the Church of Saint Mary of the Arches, now usually called Bow Church, in London. The judge of the Court of Arches is styled the Official Principal, al- though he has for several centuries received the additional title of Dean of the Arches. Appeals from judgments of this court are heard before the judicial committee of the Privy Council (q.v. ). The Court of Arches is empowered to hear such suits as are sent up to it by letter of request from the consistorial courts of the bishops of the Province of Canterbury after they have issued commissions of inquiry and the commissioners have made their report. The Court of Arches is the only ecclesiastical tribunal which has authority to pass sentence of depriva- tion against a clerk in holy orders. Since 1875 the judge of the provincial courts of Canterbury and York has performed the functions of official principal of the Court of Arches, under the Pub- lic Worship Regulation Act of 1874.
ARCHETYPE, iir'k.-tj|> (Gk. apx^rvTrot. (irrhelyi)os: Lat. (irchet/iinini, a stamp, die, or model ) . The original design or pattern from which anything is made or copied. In numis- matics, an archetype is the standard coin to who.se weight, shape, and design all others of the issue must conform. In i)aheography, the name is applied to an original manuscriptfrom which a number of others are copied, these being then described as constituting a single 'famih'.' (See Textlal CRiTici.sir.) In l>iology, the archetype is an assumed system or structure (.n which any group of living organisms, whether animal or vegetable, is said to have been made.
ARCHEVITES, ar'ke-vlts. If the text is sounil, the term nuist refer to the people of Erech, a city mentioned in Gen. x. 10, be- tween Babel and Accad. whose inhabitants were de]iorted to Samaria by "the great and noble Asnappar" — i.e.. Ashurbanipal (n.c. 668-626) — possibly because they had united with Baby- lon in the revolt of Shamash-shumukin. as Ryle suggests. But it is not imjiossiljle that the text in Ezra iv. 9 has sullcred in transmission, and origiiuilly read "who were Cutha'ans," as II. Kings xvii. 24 mentions people deported "from Babylon and from Cuthah."
ARCHI-ANNELIDA, ar'ki-rm-nel'i-da (Gk. apxi-. (irelti-. chief, first, primitive + Xeo-Lat. Annelida, from Lat. nnnellus, anellus, little ring). A group of small primitive marine worms, regarded by Parker and Haswell as a class, em- bracing only the families Polygcu'diidtie and His- triodrilida>. the latter minute egg-devouring parasites of the lobster.
ARCHIAS, ilr'ki-os (Gk. 'Apx^aj, Arehias) , Ari.is LiciNius. A Greek poet, known only through the famous oration I'ro Archia Poeta, which Cicero delivered in his behalf in B.C. 02. He was born in Antioch and early settled in Rome, where he gained the patronage of the prominent men of the day, as Marius and Lu- cuUus, by writing poems on their warlike deeds. He had obtained citizenship in lleraclea, but ille- gality was charged, and it was on this accusation that Cicero defended him. The decision of the judges is not known.
ARCHIATER, iir'kl-iS'ter (Gk. dpxiaTpos,ar- chialros, chief physician, whence Ger. Arzl. phy- sician). A title given by some Ronuin rulers to their favorite medical attendants, who were usually Greeks. The use of the title and the office spread to all large towns, and a certain number of doctors were selected as archiatri, with salaries and perquisites, but were required to minister to the poor without charge. They also served in the same capacity as modern health officers. See Watson, The Medical Profes- sion in Ancient Times (New York, 1856).
ARCH'IBALD, Sir Adams George (1814-92). A Canadian statesman. He was a native of Nova Scotia, and was twice chosen to the Colonial Legislature, and four years afterward attorney-general. In 1856 he was solicitor-general, and one of the Liberal leaders. He was active in bringing al)out the confederation of the British Provinces, and in 1S07 was president of the council in the Cal)inet foi'med by Sir John Young, and Secretary of State for the Provinces. During 1870-72 he was lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, and afterward served two terms as
