an inolosing; wall 14 feet high. Another at Moche was 800 x 470 feet, and about 200 feet high. The palaces were built of adobes, and were formed of an irregular series of buildings on a terraced mound. That at Chimu is typical. The ruins at Tiaguanaco are, perhaps, the earliest, and belong to a civilization prior to that of the Incas. Most remarkable are the numerous erect monoliths comparable to the Celtic monoliths in the Mediterranean (e.g. Malta). and in England (e.g. Stonehenge). For books of reference, consult the bibliography under Archæology, American.
ARCHITRAVE, är'kĭ-trāv (Gk. (
Greek characters) chi-, chief + Lat. trabs, beam). The lowest part
of the entablature (q.v. ), or that which rests
immediately upon the columns, also called
the epistyle. It also designates, in the case of
a square opening, the beam over the window or
doorjambs. It is even applied to a curved or
vertical molding in connection with such open-
ings or entablatures. being in the first case the
same as an archivolt. For illustration, see
Entablature.
ARCHIVES, är'kīvz. See Records, Public.
ARCHIVOLT, är'kĭ-vōlt (It. archivolto, from archi, chief + volto, vault, arch). The stone or niarl>le band, corresponding to the archi- An image should appear at this position in the text.ARCHIVOLT. trave, which frames a curved opening. In early Christian architecture it is extremely simple, but in the Middle Ages it grows into an elaborate bundle of moldings, or sculptured ornament.
ARCHLUTE, ärch'lūt' (It. arcliliuto) . A large double-necked lute about 4 feet 5 inches long, used in the Seventeenth Century for the lowest part in instrumental music and accompaniments. The neck contained two sets of tuning-pegs, the strings were of catgut or metal, and the compass was two octaves, from C below the bass clef. The sound-board, with a circular hole, was of pine, while the back was made of strips of pine and cedar glued together and richly ornamented. See Lute; Theorbo.
ARCH OF ARCADIUS, HONORITJS, AND THEODOSIUS. See Theodosisus, Arch of.
ARCH OF AUGUS'TUS. See Augustus, Arch of.
ARCH OF CLAU'DIUS. See Claudius, Arch of.
ARCH OF CON'STANTINE. See Constantine, Arch of.
ARCH OF DRU'SUS. See Drusus, Arch of.
ARCH OF HA'DRIAN. See Hadrian, Arch of.
ARCH OF JA'NUS QUAD'RIFRONS. See Janus Quadrifrons, Arch of.
ARCH OF SEPTIM'IUS SEVE'RUS. See Septimius Severus, Arch of.
ARCH OF TI'TUS. See Titus, Arch of. ARCH OF TRA'JAN. See Tbajan, Arch of.
ARCHON, är'kŏn (Gk. (Greek characters). archōn, literally leader, chief, from (Greek characters), archein. to begin, lead, rule). The highest nuigistratc in Atlfens an<l other Greek cities. As the name shows, it denotes the one in power as opposed to 'king' ((Greek characters)). The Athenian archon is the only one whose history and duties are well known. There were nine archons at Athens, later
chosen yearly by lot. The first was called "The
Archon," or, as he gave his name to the year,
Archon Eponymos: the second was the Archon
Basileus, the third Archon Polemarchus, the
other six were Thesmothetæ. During the
Athenian democracy the archons were law-officers, the Archon Eponymos having charge of
suits relating to the family, the Basileus of
religious cases, the Polemarch of those involving
foreigners, and the Thesmothetæ of a variety of
other cases. According to Athenian tradition the
last king, Codrus (q.v.), was succeeded by a life
archon, but in B.C. 752 the office was limited to
ten years, and in B.C. 713 opened to all nobles
(Eupatridæ), and in B.C. 683 it was made annual, and in B.C. 457 opened to citizens of the
three upper classes, and in practice to all citizens. The historical development seems rather
to have been the reduction of the power of the
Basileus, by giving first the military command
to a new officer, Polemarch ('general'), and then
adding a civil ruler as the civil head of the
State, thus restricting the 'king' to religious functions. The military command was still held by
the Polemarch at the time of the battle of
Marathon (B.C. 490). The same Greek word is
often used to denote rulers of other official titles.
Among the Jews of the Dispersion the title
was used to denote members of the official body
exercising control over their independently organized communities, as at Alexandria, Antioch,
and Rome. In the New Testament it is used
specifically by members of the Sanhedrin (e.g.,
Nicodemus, John iii. 1) of the officer presiding
over the synagogue (e.g., Ja{{subst:i;}}rus, Luke viii. 4);
and generally for rulers, magistrates, and men
of influence. In the sense of ruler it is applied to
Christ in Rev. i. 5: "Ruler [archon] of the kings
of the earth," and to Satan in John xii. 31:
"The prince [archonl of this world." In the
mystical jargon of the Gnostics, the term archon
was frequently employed: and hence one of their
sects, especially opposed to Judaism, received the
name Archontics. See Gnostics; Heresy; Heretics.
ARCH-PRIEST, ärch'prēst'. A name dating from the Fourth Century, and equivalent to the Greek prōtopresbyter. It was usually applied to a senior priest attached to a cathedral, whose duties were to assist the bishop, to act as his substitute in the performance of the Church offices, and to have general oversight of the cathedral clergy; also to those placed in large towns to occupy similar positions respecting the local clergy." This title in later times gave way to that of dean, as applied to the former and rural dean, to the latter class of arch-priests.
ARCH'WAY (arch + way). A passage closed on both sides and covered by a vault, or at least ending in arches at each end, and differing from an arcade, which is open at least on one side in a series of arches.
ARCHYTAS, är-ki'tas (Gk. (Greek characters)). The son of Mnesagoras, or Hestiæus, of Tarentuni, a
