AR'TOTYPE. See Photography.
ARTS, Liberal, or Seven Liberal. The dis-
tinctiun between the liberal arts and the practi-
cal arts on the one hand, and philosophy on the
other, originates in Greek education and phi-
losophy. In the Republic (Bk. xi.) of Plato, and
the Politics (viii. 1) of Aristotle, the 'liberal
arts' are those subjects that are suitable for the
development of intellectual and moral excellence,
as distinguished from those that are merely use-
ful or practical. The distinction was always
made, by the Greek theorists, between music, lit-
erature in the form of grammar and rhetoric,
and the mathematical studies, and that higher
aspect of the liberal discipline termed philosophy.
Philosophy was sometimes called the liberal art
par excellece. Philo of Judæa, in his attempt
to harmonize Hebrew religious literature and
Greek philosophy by allegorical interpretation,
takes this relationship of the arts and philosophy
as the meaning of the union of Abraham with
Hagar and Sarah, the former typifying the lib-
eral arts, the latter typifying philosophy. No
definite number was ever assigned to the liberal
arts by the Greeks, though the distinction later
indicated by the terms trivium and quadrivium
is clearly drawn in the Republic of Plato. Varro
(B.C. 116-28) reproduces the distinction and the
substance of the various 'liberal arts' for the
Romans, though he includes medicine and archi-
tecture, both practical subjects, excluded alike
by Greek and by Mediæval thought. Quintilian
(A.D. 35-95) discusses five arts, grammar, rheto-
ric, music, geometry, and astronomy; but with
the subdivision of the first and fourth, there
would be added dialectic and arithmetic. By the
Fifth Century the number of arts is definitely
recognized as seven, both by the churchman Au-
gustine and the pagan Martianus Capella. Cas-
siodorus, in the Sixth Century, applies the term
quadrivium to arithmetic, geometry, music, and
astronomy; probably before that time the term
trivium had been applied to grammar, rhetoric,
and dialectic, to indicate the trinity of the subject
rather than simply their elementary character.
By the time of Alcuin, in the Eighth Century, a
sacred significance is attached to the number
seven, and the Church appropriates this organiza-
tion of human or pagan learning, to which at
first it had been extremely hostile. Throughout
the Middle Ages the 'seven arts,' as combined
into the trivium and quadrivium, represent the
sum of human learning. Dante, in his Il convito
(Bk. II.). identifies them with the seven planet-
ary circles of the heavens, and discovers in each
planet the characteristic excellence of the appro-
priate study. The 'Seven Liberal Arts' formed
the curriculum of the early universities, and
their mastery entitled one to the degree of
bachelor, or master 'in arts.' For the greater
portion of the Middle Ages philosophy had simply
been the inclusive term, but with the develop-
ment of the universities it was recognized as a
higher discipline. The Renaissance broke down
even this limitation, and hereafter knowledge
was no longer confined to these definite and narrow limits. For a survey of the significance of the term liberal arts, consult: Aristotle and Ancient Educational Ideals (New York, 1897); and also an article on which this is based, by A. F. West, Princeton College Bulletin (1890). See Degree; Diploma; University; Philosophy.
ART SQUARE. An ingrain carpet woven in one piece. See Carpet.
ART STU'DENTS' LEAGUE. The Art
Students' League, of New York, the most promi-
nent school of design in America, was founded
in 1875 by certain students from the National
Academy of Design, who felt the need of study
from life and a broader field of work than that
more conservative institute could give them. It
was incorporated in 1878, and has since then
risen steadily in importance. The annual mem-
bership is now more than 1000, and the
daily attendance in its classes averages 400
pupils, of whom three-fourths are women. The
quarters of the League is the Fine Arts Build-
ing, on Fifty-seventh Street. The League is self-
supporting; the students' fee of from $30 to
$70 maintains it in a state of independence.
Only artists are allowed on the board of control,
though these may be elected from among the
students. The requirements of entry to the life,
artistic anatomy, and antique classes, which are
under the control of well-known artists, are the
drawing of a full-length figure from life or a
cast; and to the portrait class, a poi'trait from
life. In addition to these there are classes in
still-life, illustration, composition, and architec-
ture, in connection with mural painting and deco-
rative design. Those wishing to enter the illus-
tration and composition class must submit an
original design. The school year includes night
classes for men, and a summer term with sketch
and summer classes. Besides scholarships from
some of the smaller art schools in other cities,
there are prize scholarships of free tuition in
all important classes. The following prizes are
distributed during the year: A prize of $50 for
work done in portrait class ; the Evans prize of
$50 for encouragement of the practical side of
art ; the ililhau prize for composition and illus-
tration : and the Saltus prize for drawing. At
the Paris Exposition of 1000, the League ob-
tained a gold medal in the Department of Deco-
rative Arts.
ARTUSI, ar-too'sS, Giovanni Maria (c.1550-
1613). An Italian musician, composer, and
writer on musical theory. He was born at Bo-
logna, was a canon of San Salvatore, Venice, and
stanchly defended the musical traditions and
views of his time against the innovations of Mon-
teverde and Gabriel. He published a Canzon-
ette, for four voices, and a Cantate Domino (Vin-
centi collection). His theoretical works include
the L'arte del contrappunto ridotto in tavolo
(1586 and 1589), Delle imperfezioni della mu-
sica moderna (1600 and 1603), Impresa del zar-
lino (1604), and Considerationi musicali (1607).
ARUBA, aroolra.
An island of the Dutch West Indies, situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela, west of Curacao, of which it is a dependency. It has an area of 69 square miles, and has a population of over 1000. The surface is elevated and scantily watered. The island contains deposits of phosphate, which constitutes an important article of export. The capital is Oranjestadt. on the southwestern coast, which contains the bulk of the population.
A'RUM (Lat., Gk. ipov, aron. wake-robin,
cuckoo-pint). A genus of monocotyledonous
plants of the order Araceæ. Most of the species
are tropical or semi-tropical. They are charac-
terized by a convolute spathe inclosing the spa-
