seven miles from Ashland. Population, in 1890, 948; in 1!M)0, 1147.
ASHLAND. A city and county - seat of
Ashland County, Wis.. 185 miles northeast of
Saint I'aul, Minn., on Chcquamejjon Bay, one of
the finest harbors on Lake Superior (Map: Wis-
consin, C 2) . Steamers connect it with lake ports,
and it is on the Wisconsin Central, the Chicago,
Saint Paul. MinniM])iplis and Omaha, the North-
ern Pacific, and the Chicago and Xorthwestern
railroads. The city contains, among other nota-
ble features, the 'aughn Public Library, North
Wisconsin Academy, an opera house, a fine
United States Government building ,ind post-
oftice, and Knight Hotel. The Apostle Islands, in
Cheqnamcgon Bay, are of historic and scenic in-
terest. Industrial and commercial interests are
represented by several lumber-mills, charcoal
blast-furnaces, steel-plant, foundries and machine-
shops (including railroad shops of the Chicago
and Northwestern), pulp-works, brown-stone
quarries, large wholesale houses, and extensive
ore and merchandise docks. Ashland is one of
the most important i)orts on the Great Lakes,
the point from -nhicli the product of the iron
mines of the Gogebic Range is shipped. Lumber,
brown-stone, and the principal manufactured
products also constitute extensive shipments.
The government, under a charter of 1880, is
vested in a mayor, elected every two years; a
municipal council, and administrative officials
whose appointment by tiie mayor is subject in
certain cases to the consent of the council. Set-
tled in 1854, Ashland was incorporated in 1863,
and since 1870 has made rapid growth. It was
chartered as a citv in 1887. Population, in 1890,
99.56: 1900, L3,07'4.
ASH'LAR. See Masonry.
ASH'-LEAVED' MA'PLE. See Box Elder.
ASH'LEY, Anthony Evelyn Melhoirne
(1836 — ). An English statesman of the Lib-
eral Party, fourth son of the seventh Earl
of Shaftesbury. After his graduation at Trinity
College. Cambridge, he «as called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn, and joined the Oxford Circuit. He
was private secretarv to Lord Palmerston from
1858 to 1865, barrister of the Oxford Circuit
from 1865 to 1874, and parlianientarv secretary
to the Board of Trade from 1880 to 'l882. Jlr.
Gladstone selected him (in 1882) to succeed
Jlr. Courtne_y as under secretary of state for
the colonies. He was also member of Parlia-
ment from 1874 to 1885, when he was defeated
in the Isle of Wight contest. In 1891 he was
made a jirivy councillor. He is the author of
The Life nf Henrij John Temple, Viscount Pahn-
ertttdit.
ASHLEY, WiLLi.M .James (1860—). An
Anglo-American educator. He was born in Lon-
don, England, graduated at Balliol College, Ox-
ford, in ISSl, was fellow of Lincoln College, .and
lecturer in history at Lincoln and Corpus Christi
in 1885-88, and profes.sor of constitutional his-
tory and political economy at the University of
Toronto in 1888-92. In 1892 he was appointed
professor of economic history at Harvard Uni-
versity. His publications include James and
Philip van Arterelde ( 1883) : An Introduction to
English Economic Hislori) and Theorf) ( 1888-93) ;
and Hurvei/s. Historic and Economic (1900). He
has also translated for the "Economic Classics"
series, of which he was editor. Schnmllcr's Mcr-
cantile .S'i/s/oh (1896) and Turgot's Reflections
{ 1.S98).
ASH'LEY COOP'ER. See Siiaftesbiry,
Eakls of.
ASH'MEAD-BART'LETT, Sir Ellis (1849-
1902). An English statesman. He was born in
Brooklyn. N. Y., the eldest son of Ellis Bartlett,
a minister of Plymouth, Mass., and of Sophia,
daughter of J. K. Ashmead, of Philadelphia. He
received his education at Torquay and at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he was president of the Ox-
foril Union. He graduated with high honors and
was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1877.
He was member of Parliament from 1880 to 1885,
in 1886, 1892, and 1895. and Civil Lord of the
Admiralty from 1885 to 1886, and from 1886 to
1892. He served in South Africa in 1900, and in
the Cineco-Turkish War of 1897, when he was
taken prisoner by a Gre»k warship, the eoin-
maiider of which mistook him for a spy. He
was knighted in 1892. He was a frequent speaker
in the House, especially on foi'eign questions, and
published The Battlefields of Thessaly (1897).
ASH'MOLE, Elias (1617-92). An English
antiquary, founder of the Ashmolean Museum,
at Oxford University. He was born at Lichfield
and became a lawyer. In the Civil War he
favored the royalist side and held a commission in
the army. About this time he became interested in
the study of astrology and alchemy, and entered
Brasenose College, Oxford, to study these sub-
jects, together with physics and mathematics.
He was one of the earliest of English Freemasons,
having been initiated about 1646. With the
Restoration, Ashmole received many court offices
and honors. His later interests were almost en-
tirely in antiquarian subjects. He received by
bequest the collection of curiosities of John
Tradescant, and with his own additions it was
turned over to Oxford University in 1682. He
was the author of Theatrum Chemicum (1652),
a collection of ancient metrical treatises on alchemy; Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter (1672) ; The Antiquities of Berkshire (3 vols.. 1719), and liis Diary (1717).
ASH'MOLE'AN MUSE'UM. A museum of
antiquities at Oxford, founded by Elias Ashmole,
and contained in a building erected by Christo-
pher Vren in 1682. In the floor are some of the
.rnnilcl Jlarbles. See Oxford University.
ASH'MUN, George (1804-70). An American
lawyer and politician, born in Blandford, Mass.
He was admitted to t'lie bar in 1828, served for
foiir terms in the Lower House of the Massachu-
setts Legislature, and for one term in the State
Senate, and was an influential member of Con-
gress from 1845 to 1851. In 1860 he presided
over the convention at Chicago, which nominated
Lincoln for President.
ASHMUN, Jeiiudi (1794-1828). An Ameri-
can missionary. He was born at Champlain,
N. v., graduated at the University of Vermont in
1816, and was elected a professor in Bangor
Theological Seminai-y (Congregational). He soon
resigned, joined the Episcopal Church, and
became editor at Washington of The Theological
liepertorij. In this periodical he advocated the
views of the African Colonization Society for
founding a colony of liberated negroes oil the
west coast of Africa. Soon he was appointed an
agent of the Society, and in 1822 conducted a
body of liberated negroes from Baltimore to
