in all seas. (See Fugger.) It was also the oen- Ire of (ierman art, as represented by tliellolbeins, liiirniaiiair, Altdorfer, and others. Many diets nf the Knipire were held in Auf;sburfr, ami the leading events of the Reformation are associated with its name. (See Augsburg Confessio.x.) The diseoveiy of America, and of the road to India liV the Cape, together with its sull'erings during tiie Thirty Years' War, destroyed the town's prosperity. It lost its freedom with the aboli- tion of the German Empire in 1800, and was incorporated with Bavaria. Consult : Die Chron- ikcn der schwiibischen Htiidle, Augsburg (Leipzig, 181)5-96) ; Lewis, "The Roman Antiquities of Augsburg and Katisbon," in Vol. XLVUL, .Irc/t- aotugical Journtil (London, 18(11).
AUGSBURG CONFES'SION. The chief cre-
dal statement of faith in the Lutheran Church.
Its history is the following: With a view to an
amicable arrangement of tlu; religious split that
had existed in Germany since lolT, Cluirles V.,
as protector of the Church, had convoked a diet
of the Empire, to meet at Augsburg, on April 8,
1530, and had acquired from the Protestant
States a brief summary of the doctrines in which
they differed from the Catholic Church. The
Elector John, of Saxony, therefore, in March,
called on his ^'ittenberg theologians — Luther,
ilelanchthon, Justus Jonas, and Bugenhagen — to
draw up articles of faith. They took as a basis,
in so far as pure doctrine was concerned, articles
signed at the Colloquy of Marburg (October 1-4,
1529) with the Zwing'lians, substituting astrictly
Lutheran one on the Lord's Supper, which had
been adopted at Schwabach shortly after (Octo-
ber 10). These doctrinal articles, supplemented
and with a practical part newly added, were laid
before the Elector at Torgau (March, 1530).
The Diet of .Vugsburg was opened .June 20, 1530;
but Melanchthon had arrived there on May 2, and
on the w-ay had begun the famous Confession.
This he finished in Augsburg, using as material
the articles mentioned and various other papers,
besides frequently consulting with Luther, who
stayed at Coburg; since, being under the Im-
perial ban, he was technically an outlaw, and
could not safely attend the Diet. Tlie document
was first entitled an Apologt). as if Lutheranism
was on the defensive. It was also originally in-
tended to be merely the reply of the Elector of
Saxony, but it was so shaped as to be acceptable
to all the princes and cities that had accepted
Lutheranism in their Confession of I'aith. It
was a work of infinite labor, and rellected the
highest credit on Melanchthon. Luther heartily
indorsed it. At last, on Saturday, June 25, 1530,
it was formally presented to the Emperor in the
private chapel of the Episcopal Palace, where the
Diet met. It was in both Latin and (lerman, and
was read aloud in German. But neither original
was ever seen again by the Protestants, and
both have probably perished.
The Augsburg Confession consists of these parts: I. Preface to the Emperor Charles V. IL Chief Articles of Faith: (1) Of God: (2) Of original sin; (3) Of the Son of God; (4) Of justification; (5) Of the ministrv of the Word; (6) Of new obedience; (7-8) Of the Church; (9) Of baptism; (10) Of the Lord's Supper; (II) Of confession; (12) Of re])entance ; (13) Of the use of sacraments; (14) Of ecclesiastical order; (15) Of ecclesiastical rites; (10) Of ciril matters; (17) Of Christ's second coming to judgment; (18) Of free-will; (19) Of the cause of sin; (20) Of faith and good works; (21) Of the worship of saints. (III.) Ar- ticles in which are recounted the abuses which have been corrected. (22) Of both kinds in the Lord's Supper; (23) Of the mar- riage of priests; (24) Of the mass; (25) Of confession; (20) Of distinction of meats; (27) Of monastic vows; (28) Ecclesiastical power. The document was signed by the Elector of Sax- ony, the two Dukes of Liineburg, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, the, Landgrave of Hesse, the Prince of Anhalt, the Senate and Magistracy of Nuremberg, and the Senate of Reutlingen.
Melanchthon, not looking upon the Confession as binding, began shortly after to make some alterations in its expressions; at last, in 1540, he published a Latin edition (Coiifessio Va- riata) , in which there were important changes and additions. This was especially the case with the article on the Lord's Supper, in which, with a view to conciliation, he endeavored to unite the views of the Lutherans and Calvinists. This gave rise subsequently to nuich controversy. Orthodox Lutheranism repudiated the alterations of Jlelanchthon. and long continued to subject his memory to great abuse: though it is clear that . Melanchthon and his adherents contemplated no substantial departure in doctrine from the origi- nal Confession. Consult Jacobs, The Book of Vnncord (Philadelphia, 1882) for the Augsburg Confession, its documents, and full discussion.
AUGSBURG IN'TERIM. See Interim.
AU'GUR, Christopher C. (1821-98). An
American soldier. He graduated at West Point
in 1845, served as aide-de-camp to Generals Hop-
ping and Caleb Cushing during the Mexican
War, and took an active part in the campaign
against the Oregon Indians in 1850. He was
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in
18(il, was severely wounded at Cedar Mountain
(.August 9, 1802), was promoted major-general
in the same month, and subsequently commanded
the departments of Washington (1803-00), of
the Platte (1807-71), of Te.xas (1871-75), and
of the Gulf (1875-78). In 1S8G he retired from
the military service.
AUGUR, Hezekiah. (1791-1858). An Amerian sculptor, born in New Haven, Conn. His best work was a statue of "'.rephtlia and His Daughter," now in the Trumbull Gallery of Yale University. The invention of a machine for carving wood gave him great fame.
AU'GURIES and AUS'PICES. These terms are familiar to every reader of Roman history, and are, besides, so frequently employed in English in a secondary and metaphorical sense, that a vague notion of their original meaning is caught up even by those who know nothing of classical antiquities. As, however, the entire religious and political life of the early Romans was deeply penetrated by the influence of their sacred superstitions, and, as among these, auguries and aus|u'ces held a prominent place,
a clear conception of what they were is a matter of considerable moment. The following statements exhibit, in a condensed form, the substance of what is known on the subject.
Like most primitive nations, the Romans believed that every unusual occurrence had a supernatural significance, and contained, hidden.
