AVELLINO, il'vel-le'nA. An episcopal city and the capital of the Province of Avellino, Southern Italy, on the southern Naples-Benevento Railway, 18 miles south of Benevento. The ruins of the ancient Abellinuni are nearly 3 miles distant. Near by is the famous Convent of Mount Vergine, founded in 1119, on the ruins -of a temple of Cybele, and visited every year by tens of thousands of pilj^rims, many of whom ascend the mountain barefoot and crawl on their hands and knees from the church door to the altar. Avellino has a market-place containing beautiful obelisks, an academy, and a theatre; manufactures cloth, hats, and chairs, and is a local centre of trade. The country has been fa- mous for chestnuts and hazel nuts since Pliny's time. Population (commune), in 1881, 20,000; in 1901, 23,760.
AVELLINO, ji'vel-le'no, Francesco Maria
(1788-1850). An Italian archsologist, born at
Naples. Me was educated at Rome, and was pro-
fessor of Greek literature at the university of his
native city, and private tutor of the children of
Murat (1809-15). In 1820 he was appointed to
the chair of political economy at the University
of Naples, and afterwards to that of institutions
and codes. Besides his catalogue of the valuable
collection of coins in the Miiseo Borbonieo
( 1 820 ) , of which institute he became director
in 1839, he published a large number of writ-
ings under the title of Opuscoli diversi (Naples,
1826).
AVE MARIA, ii'va ma-re'a (Lat., hail Mary,
from avcnc, to he well, fare well), also Anuelic
Salutation. A form of address to the Virgin
Mary, expressing honor to her and requesting her
intercession; among Roman Catholics in uni-
versal and frequent use, generally coupled with
the recitation of the Lord's Prayer. The first
part, "Hail [Mary], full of grace, the Lord is
with thee," is the salutation of the Archangel
Gabriel (Luke i. 28) to Mary; the second the
address to her of her cousin Elizabeth (verse
42) , "Blessed art thou among women, and blessed
is the fruit of thy womb" ; the prayer which
foiTus the third part, "Holy ilary, mother of
God, pray for us sinners now and in the hour of
our death," was added in the Fifteenth Century.
The daily use of the whole prayer was ordered
by Pope Pius V. in 1568. See Rosary.
AVEMPACE, ii'vam-pii'tha (Abu Bekr Mo-
hammed ibn Jahya, surnamed Ibn Sayig and
Ibn Badja, which was later given by the scho-
lastics as Avempace). An Arabic philosopher,
physician, and poet. He was born in Saragossa,
toward the end of the Eleventh Century, and
died at Fez in 1138 as a result of poison ad-
ministered by an envious physician, Abul Abla
ibn Zuhr, At Saragossa he held a high official
place, but his philosophical and religious opin-
ions lost him his position. In 1119 we find
him in Seville, where he composed his works
on logic. From there he traveled to Granada,
and then to Fez, where he gained the favor
of the Almoravide court. The importance of
Avempace lies in the fact that he introduced
the Peripatetic philosophy into Andalusia. Be-
sides commentaries on the works of Aristotle,
Avempace composed a work mentioned by
Averroës, Fi Tadbir al-mutawabhid ("Conduct
of the Individual"), in which he points out
methods necessary for the perfection of the indi-
vidual who lives surrounded by so many hindrances to such development. By speculation and intellectual effort, and not by mysticism, as Gazali taught, man is enabled to reach the divine intellect, of which Avempace teaches the individual intellect is a part. He wrote works also on medicine and music, and composed poems. Consult Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (Weimar, 1899).
AVE'NA. See Oat.
AV'ENA'RIUS, Ger. pron. il'fe-nil're-us,
Ferdinand (1856—). A German author, neph-
ew of Richard Wagner, born at Berlin. He de-
voted himself to the philosophy of art, and in
1887 became the founder of the Kunstwart, an
art journal of reformatory tendencies. This
publication, after many reverses and antago-
nisms, has become the foremost organ of its class.
The poetic works of Avenarius are the idyl Die
Kinder von Wohldorf, the lyrical-dramatic pro-
duction Lebe, and the collections entitled Jugend-
gedichte and Stimmen und Bilder. His critical
works comprise the anthology, Deutsche Lyrik
der Gegenwart and Max Klinger's Griffelkunst.
AV'ENA'RIUS, Richard (1843-96). A German philosophical writer. He was born in Paris and studied philosophy at the universities of Zürich, Berlin and Leipzig. From 1877 until his death he filled the chair of philosophy at Zürich and acted as co-editor of the Vierteljahrsschrift für Wissenschaftliche Philosophie. His principal original contribution to philosophy was a theory of experience, which is embodied in his Kritik der reinen Erfahrung (2 vols.; Leipzig, 1888-90). He also wrote on Spinoza's pantheism and on other philosophical subjects.
AVENBRUGGER, a'fcn-bnig'er.
See Auenbrugger.
AVENCHES, a'viinsh'. A village in the Can-
ton of Vaud, Switzerland, 7 miles northwest of
Freiburg, and 1½ miles south of Lake Morat, on
the ancient shore of which it was located. It is
interesting as the Roman Aventicum, the capital
of Helvetia, and has the remains of an amphi-
theatre, old walls, and other buildings, including
a Corinthian column (39 feet high) of the temple
of Apollo. This column, celebrated by Byron in
Childe Harold (3d canto, 65th line), is known
as Le Cicognier. from the fact that for centuries
storks have used it as a nesting-place. Avenches
is the German Wiflisburg (castle of Wiflis, a
Count of Burgundy of the Seventh Century).
The castle is built on the site of the Roman Capi-
tol, and there is a museum in the amphitheatre.
During the Roman period Avenches had 60,000
inhabitants. Population, about 2000.
AV'ENEL, Julian. A character in Scott's novel, The Monastery, who has seized Avenel Castle at the opening of the story. He is the uncle of Mary Avenel.
AVENEL, Mary. The daughter of Lady Avenel and. ultimately, the wife of Halbert Glendinning, in Sir Walter Scott's novels, The Monastery and The Abbot.
AVEN'GER OF BLOOD. In primitive society, the person, usually the next of kin of the murdered man, charged with the duty of avenging the crime of murder by slaying the murderer. The legal recognition of this duty and its regulation by law are really the beginnings of a system of criminal law. The crimes with which
