tria, beautifully situated on the Schweehat, about 15 miles southwest of Vienna (Map: Aus- tria. E 2). Its warm sulphur springs, 13 in number, vary in temperature from 72° to 97° K. The town has the usual accessories of a fashionable waterin<;-resort — large bathing es- tablishments, cursaal. trinkhalle, summer thea- tre, etc. In the neighborhood are numerous villas belonging to the Austrian nobility. Baden was known in the time of Jlarcus Aurelius as Thermce Pannonicw (Pannonian f>prings). In recent years a number of Ronum antiquities, in- cluding' coins, have been unearthed. It was made 11 city in 1840. About four miles from Baden is Meie'rling, a royal hunting-lodge (now a con- vent), where Crown Prince Kudolph of Austria met his tragic death in 1880. Population, in ISOn. 15.800; in 1900, 17,700.
BADEN. A town and fashionable health
resort of tlie Grand Duchy of Baden, about 20
miles southwest of Karlsruhe, situated in the
pleasant valley of the Oosbach River, at the edge
of the Black Forest (Map: Germany, C 4). It
is chiefly celebrated for its hot saline springs,
which were famous in the time of the Romans.
They range in temperature from 115° to 153° F.,
and are recommended for the treatment of rheu-
matism, gout, and diseases of the kidneys and
skin. Among the chief buildings and objects
of interest in Baden and its vicinity are the
ruins of the old castle, once the residence
of the margraves of Baden ; and the new
castle, now the summer residence of the Grand
Duke; the Pfarrkirche; the Anglican and
Greek churches; the trinkhalle, museum, lux-
urious bathing establishments, and the Nun-
nery of Liclitenthal, founded in 1245. The prin-
cipal industry is wood-carving. The town Baden
v.as known to the Romans as Civitas Aurelia
.quensis (watering-place of Aurelius). It was
burned by the French in 1089. Population, in
1895, 14,862; in 1900, 15,700. At the height of
the summer season, the influx of visitors quintu-
ples the miniber of the resident population.
BADEN-POWELL, bfi'dfn-pou"l, Sir George Smyth (1847-98). An English politician and
author, born at Oxford. He graduated at Balliol
(College, Oxford, in 1875, in 1877 was a|ii)ointed
]irivate secretary to the Governor of Victoria,
and in 1885 was returned to Parliament as a
Consen'ative for the Kirkdale Division of Liver-
pool. In 1880 he established a new steamship
line, running from Vancouver to Yokohama, in
lS8(i-87 and 1891 investigated the dispute be-
tween Canada and the United States concern-
ing the Bering Sea fisheries, and in 1893 was
expert agent for the Government in the conduct
of tlie British case before the tribunal at Paris.
He published Protection and Bud Times (1879) ;
Stale Aid and State Interference (1882), also in
protest against protection; and an anti-Home
Rule worlc. The Savinfi of Ireland, Industrial, Fi-
nancial, Political (1898).
BADEN-POWELL, Robert Stephenson Smyth (1857 — ). A British major-general. He entered the army in 1870, and served in India, Afgluinistan, and South Africa, where he became assistant military secretary (1887-89) and
occupied the same position at Malta (1890-93).
He afterwards served with distinction in Ashan-
ti, as commander of the native levies (1895),
and in the Matabele campaign. In 1897 he be-
came colonel of the Fifth Dragoon Guards. Dur-
ing the Boer War, Colonel Baden-Powell, with a
force of 1200 men, was besieged for 215 days by
a large Boer army in the town of JIafeking, and
notwithstanding famine and sickness and a num-
ber of desperate assaults by the Boers, he held
<mt until he was relieved (Jlay 18, 1900). In
recognition of his great ability and imperturb-
able coolness in conducting the defense, he was
advanced to the rank of major-general. He be-
came chief of the South African ConstabuJary, a
force of 1200 men, in 1900. His principal pub-
lications are: Pig-Stickinr/ or Hog-Bunting
(1889); Reconnoissance and Scouting (1890);
Vedette (1890): Cavalry Instruction (1895);
The Downfall of Prempeh (1896) ; The Matabele
Campaign (1896).
BADGE, or Cognisakce (Low Lat. hagea,
hagin, OF. hage, sign; cf. AS. heiig, hedh, ring,
ornament. Low Lat. baga, Fr. bagne, ring). A
figure either selected by the owner from some
part of the family coat, or chosen as alluding to
his name, office, or estate, or gi'anted by the sov-
ereign as a token of his favor. Badges were
much used in England from Edward I. to Eliza-
beth. The principal noble houses, in imitation
of the royal family, had a distinctive mark for
their retainers, the ^•hole coat of arms being
often too complicated to reproduce. Some of
these badges are well known in history, and many
have been perpetuated in the signs of old inns,
where the memory of their origin has been lost.
Such are the White hart of Richard II., the bear
and ragged staff of Warwick, the three feathers
of the Prince of Wales (though King Stephen
used this badge before the Black Prince's time),
and the roses of York and Lancaster. Queen
Anne was the last English sovereign to use a
personal badge ; she had the rose of England and
the thistle of Scotland growing from one stem
and imperially crowned. The term is loosely ap-
jjlied at the present time to various society em-
blems. See the illustration" accompanying the
article Fraternities, College.
BADGER, baj'er (probably from badge, al-
luding to the white mark on its head). Any of
several small, burrowing carnivores of various
genera, scattered throughout the warm and tem-
perate parts of America, Asia, and Europe, and
constituting, with the skunks, to which they are
closely allied, the sub-family Melinae in the fam-
ily Mustelidre. The group is characterized
m.ainly by short, strong legs, elongated and more
or less plantigrade feet, and straight, strong, fos-
sorial toes. All are heavily furred, distinctly
marked, and possessed of great strength, acute-
ness, and courage. They inhabit dens and are
abroad mostly at night. They are provided with
perineal glands, which contain substances emit-
ting a fetid odor, the service of which, probably,
is to attract the sexes. The pelts have consid-
erable value as furs, and the hairs are largely
used in making artists' brushes. The flesh is
edible, but not often eaten in civilized eom-
mvinities.
The American Badger {Taxidea Americana) is about 2 feet long, and has an appearance of remarkable breadth and flatness. The legs are short and firm, and the large feet are furnished with long and very strong claws, making them powerful digging tools. The tail is short and thick. The head is broad, massive, and doglike, with round, furry ears, a hairy muzzle, and jaws filled with formidable teeth, scarcely less service-
