or from the exposure of its inner surface to the sun.
Medicinal Barks. The principal barks used in nieiiieine will lie found notieecl in separate articles. (See Anihra [cabbage bark, Surinam bark]; Angostura Bark: Exostemma [Jamaica bark. Saint Lucia bark, Pitou bark] ; Cascarilla [cascarilla bark, Eleuthera bark] ; Cinchona [cinchona bark, Peruvian bark, Jesuits' bark, Arica bark, Calisaya bark, Carabaya bark, Huanialies bark, Huanuco bark, Jacn bark, Loxa bark, Jlaracaibo bark, ash bark, crown bark, silver bark, yellow bark, tan bark, etc.] ; Clove Bark; Copalche Bark: Cililawan Bark; Winter's Bark.) When bark is mentioned with- out any prefix it is always cinchona, otherwise called Peruvian or Jesuits' bark, which is in- tended. Other barks used medicinally include cinnamon, which is used chiefly for flavoring; granatum, the bark of the pomegranate, used to expel tapeworms (see Anthelmintic) ; and Prunus Virginiana, or wild cherry, an ingredient of many cough mixtures. Rhamnus Purshiana, or Cascara sagrada, is an important derivative of the bark of that plant. tJlmus. or slippery elm, is the inner bark of Ulnnis fulva. It contains a large amount of mucilaginous ma- terial, and is used as a denuilcent. Viburnum prunifolium, a valuable uterine sedative, is ob- tained from the bark of the plant. See Cin- chona.
BARK, or BARQUE (LL. harca, harica,
boat, probably dimin. of Ok. /Sapis, baris, row-
boat, Coptic hari, boat). A three-masted vessel,
which is fore-and-aft rigged on the mizzen-mast,
the main and fore being square-rigged. A vessel
of any kind, especially a sailing vessel of small
size. The distinction between a bark and a
barhentine is that the latter has only the fore-
mast square-rigged, the main and mizzen masts
being fore-and-aft rigged.
BARKAL, biir'kal, or JE'BEL BARKAL.
An isolated mountain of sandstone in Nubia,
near the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. It is
situated about one mile from the river, is some
two miles in circumference, and rises abruptly to
the height of nearly 400 feet. The summit is
flat, forming a broad plateau. In hieroglyphic
inscriptions it is called 'the holy mountain.' Its
appearance is most picturesque. Between Jebel
Barkal and the river lay the ancient Ethiopian
capital, Napata, destroyed by the Romans under
C. Petronius, in B.C. 24. The site of the city is
marked by the ruins of several large temples,
among which that of the god Anion is the most
conspicuous, and by groups of royal tombs, built
in imitation of the Egyptian pyramids, though
upon a much smaller scale. Excavations con-
ducted at this place by the Egyptian Govern-
ment, in 1802, yielded rich results in sculptures
and hieroglyphic inscriptions of historic interest.
The best representations of the moniuuents of
Jebel Barkal are to be found in the fifth volume
of Lepsius's Denkmaler (Berlin, 1.S42-4.5), and
in Mariette's Moiiunients dii^crs (Paris, 1.872-
80). For descriptions of the locality, consult;
Cailliard, Yoyaije a Meroc (Paris, 1810) ; and
Hoskins, Travels in Ethiopia (London, 1835).
BARK BEE'TLE, BARK CHATER, or ENGRAVER BEETLE. A minute cylindrical beetle, of the family Scolytida-. These beetles live in or imder bark and in wood. Most of the
veiy numerous species burrow between the bark
and the wood, and a few forms tunnel through
the wood. (See Ambrosia Beetle.) The female
starts each series of engravings and deposits her
eggs there. The young, on hatching, dig a
series of burrows at angles with the original
burrow of the parent. These beetles and their
young are very destructive to trees, either kill-
ing them outright or injuring the value of the
wood by means of their burrows. Several de-
structive species live in the United States, and
one is extremely injurious to the pine forests
of Germany.
BARK'ENTINE. See Bark.
BARK'ER, Albert Smith (1843—). An
American naval officer, born at Hanson, Mass.
He graduated at the United States Naval Acad-
emy in 1861, and during the Civil War took part
in the capture of New Orleans and the siege
of Port Hudson. He was promoted to be com-
mander in 1877, and in 1802 to be captain. Dur-
ing the Spanish-American War he was in com-
mand of the cruiser yewark; and afterwards, in
command of the Oregon, succeeded Admiral
Dewey as commanding officer of the Asiatic
Squadron. In 1901 he became .senior captain,
commanding the squadron for special service,
and in the same year was made commanding
officer of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
BARKER, Edmund Henry (1788-1839). An
English philologist, born December 22, 1788, at
Hollym, Yorkshire. He studied at Cambridge.
Besides editions of Latin classics, and numerous
contributions to periodicals, particularly to the
Classical Journal, he was led, during a residence
with the famous philologist Parr, to undertake
a. revision of Stephens's Thesaurus LinyucB
(Ircpcw (12 vols., 182()). This gigantic work was
violently assailed in the Quarterlij Rcrieio by
Blomfield, to whom Barker replied with his
Aristarchus Anti-Blomfieldianus (London, 1818) .
In 1812 appeared the first volume of his Classical
Recreations. He also supplied materials for the
composition of Sturtz's Etymolofiicuni Oiidia-
num. He likewise translated some works of
German philologists, among them Buttmann's
Creek Grammar for Hchools. He collected the
mass of anecdote and criticism relative to his
friend Dr. Parr, which was ])ublished in two
volumes in 1828-29, under the title of Parriana,
a work well-nigh unreadable, from the super-
abundance and ill-digested nature of its matter.
He also assisted Professor Dunbar in the com-
pilation of his Greek and English Lexicon, pub-
lished in 1831. He lost all that he had in a law-
suit, so that he was obliged to sell his fine li-
brary, and was put into tlie debtors' ])rison. He
died in London March 21, 1839, in extreme j)ov-
ert.y.
BARKER, Fordyce (1818-91). An American
physician. He was born at Walton, Me. ; gradu-
ated at Bowdoin in 1837, and studied medicine
at Harvard, Paris, and Edinburgh. He was then
professor of midwifery at Bowdoin, and after-
wards in the New Y'ork Jledical College; was
president of the New Y'ork State Medical So-
ciety, and professor of clinical midwifery and
diseases of women in Bellevue JMedical College.
He wrote, in 1872, a treatise on Puerperal Dis-
eases, and a number of papers on other subjects.
BARKER, George Frederick (1835—). An
American scientist. He graduated at the Yale
