others, notably Westergaard and Morris, set themselves to work on the Assyrian text, and by 1852 the foundations were laid for the reading of the cuneiform inscriptions meanwhile found in Mesopotamia. (See Asstkia.) The Median ter.t was first published by Edwin Norris (London, 1853), and later by Appert. Le peuple et la hiiu/ue dcs ilcdes (Paris, 1879). For the best publication and translation of the Persian text consult: Spiegel, Die persischen Keilinschriffen (2d ed., Leipzig, 1881); of the Assyrian text, Bezold, AcMmeniden Inschriften. (Leipzig,1882) ; and of the Median text, Weisbach, Die Acliii- menideninschriften Zweiter Art (Leipzig, 1890).
BEHM, bam, Ernst (1830-84). A German
geographer and statistician. In 1856 he became
assistant editor of the geographical periodi-
cal Petermanns Mitteilungen, and on the death
of Petermann, in 1878, succeeded him as chief
editor. In 1860 he founded the Geographisclies
Jahrhncli, from which was detached in 1872 the
Bevijlkerung der Erde as a statistical supple-
ment to the ilitteilunfien. From 1870 he took
charge of the statistical department of the Al-
maiiach de Gotha. His writings are marked by
fullness, accuracy, and lucidity of arrangement.
BEHN, ben, Afba, or .phra (1640-89).
An English novelist and playwright. She was
born at Wye, in Kent, the daughter of John
Johnson, a barber. Yhen a child she sailed to
Surinam, South America, with the Lieutenant-
Governor, whom she was accustomed to speak of
as her father. He died on the passage out, but
the family continued the voyage, and remained
in Surinam for some time. Here the young girl
made the acquaintance of the celebrated slave
Oroonoko, who afterwards became the subject of
one of her novels, and of a tragedy by Southerne.
Returning to England, she married a merchant
of Dutcli extraction named Behn, was presented
at Court, where her personal appearance and
vivacious freedom of manners pleased the King,
who deputed her to watch events in Flanders.
She accordingly went to Antwerp, where she
succeeded in discovering the intention of the
Dutch to sail up the Thames and Jledway, and
eonununicated the secret to the English Court,
which, however, took no ijotice of the informa-
tion — a sliglit that caused !Mrs. Behn to throw
up State polities in disgust. On her return to
England she was associated with all the profli-
gate wits, as well as the more staid scholars and
poets of the time, and devoted herself to litera-
ture. Her numerous plays, poems, tales, and
letters are disfigured by general impurity of
tone and indecency of language; and, in point
of intellectual ability, none of her works de-
serve the high praise lavished on them by Dry-
den, Cotton, Southerne, and others. Of them all,
Oroonoko is worth perusal. Interesting in itself,
it also holds a place in the progress of English
fiction, as it shows, at a time when extravagant
romances were the fashion, a tendency to realis-
tic eil'ort. Mrs. Behn was buried in Westmin-
ster Abbey. Consult her Wo)7vS (London, 1871),
and Aiii/lia for January, 1902.
BEHR, bar, Wilhelm JosEt>n (1775-1851).
A German pulilicist, born at Sulzheim. He stud-
ied at Wiirzburg and Giittingen, and from 1799
to 1821 was professor of constitutional law at
the University of Wiirzburg. He subsequently
was chosen mayor of Wiirzburg ; but when elect-
ed deputy to the Diet, in 1834, the royal sanc-
tion of his election was refused. On account of
his freely expressed political opinions, he was
convicted of Use-majeste and participation in
political machinations, and only with the am-
nesty of 1848 regained his complete freedom. In
the same year he was elected to the German
Xational Assembly. He published System der
Staatskiinst (Frankfort, 1810); Verfassung und
Venoaltung des Stants (Nuremberg, 1811-12) ;
Bediirfnisse und Wiinsehe der Baj/ern (Stutt-
gart, 1830) ; and other works.
BEHRAM, be'riim, or BEKHRAM, beK'-
riim. See Assus.
BEHRENDS, ba'rens, Adolphus Julius
Frederick (1839-1900). An American Congre-
gational clergyman. He w'as born at Nimeguen,
Holland, emigrated to New Orleans with his
parents in 1845, taught school and learned the
trade of cabinet-maker, and studied at Denison
University and the Roc]ie.ster Theological Semi-
nary, where he was graduated in 1865. He was
pastor of Baptist churches at Yonkers, N. Y., and
Cleveland, Ohio, but joined the Congregational-
ists in 1876, and spent seven years as pastor of
the Union Congregational Church of Providence,
R. I. In 1883 he became pastor of the Central
Congregational Churcli in Brooklyn, N. Y'.,
where he remained until his death. A forcible
thinker and a careful scholar, and of pleasing
yet impressive personality, he stood in the fore-
most rank of American pulpit orators. Among
his published works are to be found: Soeialism
and Christianity (1886); The Philosophy of
Preaching (1890); The Old Testament Under
Fire; and The ^Vorld for Christ.
BEHRENS, ba'rens, Bebtha (1850—). A
German novelist, whose pseudonym is V. Heini-
burg. She was born at Thale, and educated at
Quedlinburg. She was, in a sense, the successor
of Marlitt in the Gartenlaube, in which period-
ical most of her novels appeared. Among them
may be mentioned: Aus clem Leben meiner alten
Freundin (Magdebui-g, 1878; 8th ed., Leipzig,
1890); Lv-mpenmiiUers Licschen (1879); Ihr
einziger Bruder (1882): Waldblumen (1882J;
Dazumal. 8 stories (1887); Tnulchen-s Heirat
(1884); Urn fremde Schuld (1895); .l)i(ons
Erben (1898). She also completed Das Eulen-
haus, a posthumous novel, by Marlitt. A ccmi-
plete illustrated edition of her works appeared
at Leipzig in 1893 (latest edition, 1898).
BEHRING, ba'ring or be'ring. See Bering.
BEHRING, ba'ring, Emdl Adolf (1854—).
A German physieian. He was born at Hansdorf,
Prussia, studied medicine in Berlin, in 1880
became an army surgeon, and in 1894 was ap-
pointed a professor at the University of Halle.
In 1895 he was called to become director of the
Hygienic Institute at Marburg. He was the dis-
coverer of diphtheria serum, and attained a great
reputation by that means and by his contribu-
tions to the study of immunity. Among his pub-
lications are Die Blutserumtherapie (1892) and
Bckiimpfuiig der Infektionskrankheitcn (1894).
BEHRISCH, ba'rish, Ernst Wolfgang (1738-1809). A friend of Goethe. He was born near Dresden, and while acting as a private tuto-r at Leipzig became acquainted with Goethe. Upon his departure from Leipzig in 1767 he was made the subject of three odes by Goethe, who
