zoni's skill as a draughtsman was of great ser- vice to him in his archaeological investigations. His fine drawings of the royal tombs at Thebes were published in 1829 by his widow.
BEM, Jozef (1795-1850). A Polish revolutionist and Hungarian patriot. He was born at Tarnow, in Galicia, fought under Napoleon in the campaign of 1812, and entered the Polish Army, serving till 1825. He distinguished himself in the Polish revolution of 1830-31, rising to the position of commander-in-chief of the artillery. On the collapse of the revolution he took refuge in France. He took a prominent part in the insurrection of October, 1843, in Vienna. He succeeded in escaping and joined the Hungarians.
He was intrusted with the command of the Army
of Transylvania, amounting to 8000 or 10,000
men. Checked at first, he defeated the Austri-
ans at the Bridge of Piski, and finally succeeded,
in March, 1849, in driving both them and their
Russian allies into Wallachia. After expelling
the troops imder Puehner from the Banat, Bern,
with his army increased to 40,000 men, returned
into Transylvania, where the Russians had de-
feated the Hungarians. Here he endeavored
unsuccessfully to prevent the union of the Rus-
sians with the Austrians. On .July 31 he was
defeated by vastly superior forces at Scliassburg.
At Kossuth's request he now hastened into Hun-
gary, where he took part in the battle near
Temesvar. Retreating into Transylvania, he
there defended himself for some days against
overwhelming numbers, and then made his escape
into Turkey. There he embraced Islam, took
the name of Amurath Pasha, and received a
command in the army. He was wounded while
suppressing an anti-Christian riot at Aleppo.
He died there of the fever. Bcm was a man of
unselfish character, of great zeal and devotion,
and possessed fine military talents. He wrote
a work on mnemonics, the Expose general de la
methode ninemonique polonaise, etc. Consult: N.
N. Lajos, Le general Bern (Paris, 1851) ; Czetz,
Bems Feldziig in Siebenbiirgen (Hamburg, 1850).
BE'MA (Gk. pijixa, bCiiia, a step, raised
place). The sanctuary of a church, so called
by the Greek Church because the sanctuary end
was raised above the rest of the pavement. • It
begins at the outer edge of the choir, and is
separated from the body of the church by the
iconostasis or reredos, or choir-screen. See
Cii.iNCEi, ; Choir; Chuhch,
BEM'BA. See Bangweolo.
BEMBERG, biiN'bar', He.xri (1861—). A
French composer and conductor, born in Paris.
He studied at the conservatory of that city,
among his teachers being Dubois, Franck, and
Jlassenet. He is widely known by many success-
ful songs and piano compositions, but in France
is chiefly recognized as a dramatic composer.
His principal works are Le baiser de Suzon, a
one-act opera, which met with but moderate suc-
cess when first presented at the Opera Comique,
Paris, in 1888, and the more ambitious and suc-
cessful four-act npera-lrgende. Elaine, which was
first heard at Covent Garden Theatre. London,
in 1802, and afterwards in New York (1894).
BEMBICIDÆ, bem-bls'r-df (Neo-Lat., from
Gk. jjififji^, bcmbix, a spinning-top, a buzzing
insect, probaldy from the loud, wliirring sound
which accompanies their flight). A family of
fossorial Hymenoptera, which, with the Spheci-
doe, are popularly known as sand-wasps (q,v,),
BEM'BO, PiETRO (1470-1547). One of the
most celebrated Italian scholars of the Sixteenth
Centui-y. He was born in Venice, May 20,
1470. Having studied at Padua and Ferrara,
he early devoted himself to polite literature.
He edited the Italian poems of Petrarch, printed
by Aldus iu 1501, and the Terze rime of Dante
(1502). In 150G he proceeded to the Court of
Urbino, where he resided until 1512, when he
went to Rome, where he was made secretary to
Pope Leo X. On the death of that Pope, Bembo
returned to Padua, where he became a liberal
patron of literature and the arts, as well as a
fertile writer himself. In 1529 he accepted the
office of historiographer to the Republic of
Venice, and was also appointed keeper of Saint
Mark's Library. In 1539 Bembo, who had taken
only the minor ecclesiastical orders, was un-
expectedly presented with a cardinal's hat by
Pope Paul III., who afterwards appointed him
to the dioceses of Gubbio and Bergamo. He died
January 18, 1547. Bembo united in his char-
acter all that is amiable. He was the restorei
of good style in both Latin and Italian litera-
ture. His taste is said to have been so faS'
tidious with regard to style that he subjected
each of his own writings to forty revisions pre-
vious to publication. Some of his writings are
marred by the licentiousness of the time. Among
his works may be mentioned the Rerum. Venefi-
carum Libri XII. (Venice, 1551), of which ha
published an Italian edition (Venice, 1552);
his Prose, dialogues in which are given the
rules of the Tuscan dialect; Gli Asolani, a series
of disputations on love, etc.; Rime, a collection
of sonnets and canzonets; his letters, Italian
and Latin: and the work De Virgilii C'ulice et ■
Terentii Fabulis. His collected works were pub-
lished at Venice, in 4 volumes (1729). Consult
Symonds, Renaissance in Italy, Vol, II. (Lon-
don. 1881).
BEM'BRIDGE BEDS. A division of the
Oligocciic Tertiary formation, well developed
aroiuid licmbridge, on the Isle of Wight, Eng-
land. The rocks of this division aggregate 140
feet in tliickness, and consist of fresh-water,
estuarine. and marine marls, and fresh-water
limestones; they are highly fossiliferous. The
Bembridge limestone, w'hich is the lower mem-
ber of the group, contains, besides large numbers
of fresh-water mollusks, remains of the mam-
malian genei-a Anoplotherium, Anthracotheriura,
Paheotherium, etc., and is considered to be the
equivalent of the Montmartr« gypsum-beds near
Paris, and of the Uinta group of Colorado and
Wyoming.
BE'MIS, Edward Websteb (18G0— ), An American political economist. He was boni in Springfield, Mass., and graduated at Amherst College in 1880. He was professor of history and political economy at Vanderbilt University (1889-02), associate professor of political economy at the University of Chicago (1892-95), assistant statistician of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the State of Illinois (1896), and
professor of political science at the State Agricultural College, Kansas (1897-99), In 1900 he was made director of the department of municipal monopolies in the Bureau of Economic Research, New York. He has published the
