Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/124

BIRD. 104 BIRD. guidance of landmarks, is manifested by birds in a most surprising way; for no other explana- tion (little as we understand it) seems to ac- count for their ability to cross vast spaces of ocean straight toward small islands or restricted areas of coasts, as some birds habitually do in tiieir migrations. See Migration of Animals. General Considerations. Many aspects of bird-life properly belonging to a treatise more extended than this need only be indicated here, because they are elsewhere discussed with rea- sonable fullness. Thus their classification is out- lined under Ornithology. The distribution of birds <in the globe, where, in spite of their powers of flight, most groups and species are strictly bounded in their range, is sketched under Dis- tribution OF Animals. The seasonal movements that characterize most birds outside the tropics, leading them to make more or less extended journeys, along the customai-y routes, nortlnvard in the" spring and southward again in the fall, will be found explained under JIigration of Animals. The singing of birds, which forms so conspicu(ms and enjoyable a feature of their life, is treated elsewhere in this article, and their nest arcliitecture, eggs, care of young, and do- mestic traits, are treated under Nidification; Egg; etc.; while their peculiar colors, orna- ments, weapons, economic value, and habits in general, are portrayed in the biographies to be looked for under the names of various species and groups, and in such articles as Agricul- Tl'RE: Evolution; Falconry; Fowl; and the like. Birds liave also taken a part in the history of mankind's mental and religious development, as appears in the articles Aiglries and Aus- pices; and Folklore. Finally, many species have been exterminated, directly or indirectly, since mankind came upon the earth, an account of which will be found under Extinct Animals, Bibliography. General Works. — Newton, A Dictionary of Birds (London, 1806) ; Evans, Cambridge Xulural History: Vol. TX., "Birds" (Cambridge, 1900) ; Stejneger, Standard Natu- ral History. Vol. IV., '-Birds" (Boston, 188.5); Sharjie, Royal Xatiiral Hi.ttory, Vols. III., IV., "Birds" (London, 1898) ; Huxley, "On the Clas- sification of Birds" in Proe. Zoo'l. Soc. of London (London, 18(i7; and ib., 1868, pp. 294-319); Nitsch and Burmeister, Sy.item der Ptcrylo- graphic (Halle, 1840), translated into English by Dallas, and publislicd liy the Royal Society (London, 1867), as I'terylogruphy; Furbringer, Untersnchungen ::ur M orjihologie und Systematib der Voyel (Amsterdam, 1888). Faiinal Works, North America. — Wilson, American Ornithology (Philadelphia, 1810-14); several more recent editions, of which a good one is Brewer's (Boston, 18.53, reprinted, New York, 1853), and the finest is that issued by Por- ter & Coates (Philadelphia, 1871); -Audubon, Birds of America (London, 1827-38) ; Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Borenli Americana, Part Second, Birds (London, 1831); Audulxm, Orni- thological liiof/raphy (Edinburgh, 1831-39); Nuttall, Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada (Boston, 1832-34) ; DeKay, Zoology of New York, Part II., "Birds" (Albany, 1844) ; Baird, Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. ,IX. (Washington, 1858), reprinted with an atlas of 100 plates by Baird and Cassin as Birds of North America ("Philadpli>hia, 1800) ; Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, History of North Ameri- can Birds, "Land Birds" (Boston, 1875) ; Water Birds (Cambridge, 1878) ; Chapman, Bird Life (New York, 1898, edition in colors); Coues, Key to North American Birds (Boston, 3d ed., 1887) ; Ridgway, .Manual of Nortii American Birds (Phihidelphia, 1887) ; Cliapnian, Hand- book of Birds of Eastern North A merica ( New Y'ork, 1895) (the three last named are techni- cally descriptive only) ; Coues, Bird^ of the Northwest (Washington, 1874) ; Coues, Birds of the Colorado V alley (Washington, 1878; con- tains an extensive bibliography from 1612 to 1878); Cooper, Ornithology of California (San Francisco, 1870) ; Nelson, Natural History Col- lections in Alaska (Washington, 1887) ; Turner, Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska (Washington, 1886) ; Warren, Birds of Pennsyl- vania (Harrisburg, 1890) ; and many popular illustrated works. Europe. — Temminck, Manuel d'ornithologic (Paris, 1815 and 1820) ; Brelim, Naturgeschichte der Togcl Deutsehlands, etc. (llmenau, 1831); Gould, Birds of Europe (London, 1832-37) ; Xau- mann, Naturgeschichte der Vijgel Deutsehlands, new edition edited by Blasius (Leipzig, • 1860) ; Fritseh, Naturgeschichte der Vogel Europas (Ber- lin, 1871) ; Dresser, Birds of Europe (London, 1879), 8 vols, quarto, "unquestionably the most complete work of its kind, both for fuHness of in- formation and beauty of illustration." For Brit- ish birds in elaborately illustrated works, see Yarrell, History of British Birds (last edition, edited by Saunders, London, 1885) ; Mc-Gillivray, History' of British Birds (London, 1837-40) ; Bree, History of Birds of Europe (London. 1875- 76) ; Morris, History of British Birds (London, 1858) ; Seebohm, History of British Birds und Their Eggs (London, 1883-85) ; for a more con- densed history, see Montagu, Ornithological Dic- tionary, Newman's edition (London, 1883), Asia. Jajian, and Oceania. — Pallas, Zoiigraphi- ca Rus.io-.isiatiea (Saint Petersburg, 1811); Gould, Birds of Asia, completed by Sharpe (Lon- don, 1883) ; David and Oustalet. f,es nlseauaf de la Chine (Paris, 1877) ; Taczanowsky, "Fautie Ornithologique de la Sib^rie Orientale," in .Me- moirs .lead, of Sciences (Saint Petersburg, 1891 ) ; Blanford, Zoiilogy of Persia (London, 1876); Seebohm, Biri/s o/ .Ism (London, 1901) : .Icrdon, Birds of India (Calcutta. 1862) ; Blanford, Fauna of Briti.'ih India: Birds (London, 1893) ; Blythe, .Mammals und Hirds of Burma (London, 18^5) ; Oates, Birds of Briti.'ih Burmah (London, 1883) ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon (London, 1880) ; Hume, Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds (Oates's edition, London, 1890) ; Blakiston and Preyer, Birds of Japan (London, 1882) ; Seebolim, Birds of the Japanese Empire (London, 18901 ; (Umd, Birds of Australia (London, 1848. supple- ments, 1869) — magnificent foliosof colored ])lates; Ciouhl, Handbook to the llirds of .iustralid (Lon- don, 1865) — reprint, with additions, of the text of the foregoing; BuHer, Birds of Neto Zealand (London, 1888); Wallace, Malay Archipekigo (New York, 1869) ; Gould, Birds of Neio (luinea, completed by Sharpe (London, 1881) ; Hartlaub and Finsch,/i(>i(rflj/ zur Fauna Ccntralpolynesiens (Halle, 1867) ; Salvador!, Oruitologia delta Pa- paasia c dellc Molluechc (Turin, 1882; enlarged, 1891); Wilson and Evans, Birds of the Sand- wich Islands (London, 1884). For the Philippines, see Von Martens, Journal filr Ornithologie (Leipzig, 1866) ; Lord Walden, I