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BOHTLINGK. 335 BOrELDIEU. BOHTLINGK, bot'link. Otto von' ( 1815-1904) . A Uu^^i;^u Cit?iiiiaa Orieutalist and Sanskrit scholar. He was born in Saint Pptersbur';, stud- ied tlieie and in Berlin and Bonn, and in 1842 returned to Saint Petersburg. He became a member of the Academy of Science in 1855 and a privy councilor in 1875. In 1868 he left Rus- sia and moved to .Tena. In 1885 he moved again to l.ci|izi<:. in collaboration with Prof. Kudolph Kotli of Tiibingen, he published his most impor- tant work, the great Sanskrit M'orterbuch (.Saint Petersburg, 185.3-75). An abridgment and sup- plement of this appeared in 1879-89. His edi- tion of the great Sanskrit grammarian Panini (2d ed., Leipzig, 1878), and of a series of San- skrit apothegms and proverbial verses, Indische Hpriiche (2d ed., 3 vols., .Saint Petersburg, 1870- 73), are standard works; and among his many other publications may be mentioned a ^'a/l.s•A■n7- Chrrstomathic (Saint Petersburg, 1845: 2d ed., ib. 1877-97), and an edition with translation of a treatise on Hindu poetics by Dandin, KavyCi- dar,ii I Leipzig, 1890). BCHTTN. The name of several English no- bles. HuMPHBEY, fifth of the name ( ?-1247), went on the Crusades in 1250, in 1257 was in charge of a portion of the Welsh marches, sup- ported the King against Simon de Jlontfort, and was taken prisoner at Lewes (May 14, 1264). — Hi MPHEEY, seventh of the name ( ? -1298), was prominejit with Roger Bigod in opposition to the measures of arbitrary taxation resorted to by Edward I. During Edward's absence in Flanders he and Bigod obtained from the regent a conlirmation of the charters, with supplemen- tary articles whereby the King was to surrender the right to taxation without national consent. This confirmation was subsequently ratified by the King. — Hujipheet, eighth of the name ( 1276- 1322). joined the barons in their armed protest against Piers Gaveston, the favorite of Edward II. In 1321 he appeared with troops in London in revolt against the Despensers. who were forth- with banished. In October of that year, how- ever, Edward took the field in attack upon Bohun and other rebellious lords, and Bohun was killed at Boroughbridge (Yorkshire) March 16, 1.322. BOIARDO, biVyiir'du, Matted 5Lveia, Count of Scandiano (c.1434-94). A celebrated Italian poet, born at Scandiano. Educated at the L'ni- versity of Ferrara, he long reside<l at the Court of Borso and Ercole d'Este, Dukes of Ferrara, •who were his steadfast friends and patrons. He was made Governor of Reggio in 1478. Captain of Modena in 1481, and was in 1487 reappointed Governor of Keggio, continuing in this otlice iintil his death. Encouraged in his literary ambitions by his masters, he produced his Orlando Innamo- rata (1486), a wildly romantic epic, only three books of which were attempted, the third being left incomplete. The poem, published in 1495, was written in ottava rima ( « hich Byron em- ployed so skillfully in Don Jiinti), and is con- cerned with the Charlemagne cycle, representing Roland in love with the Princess Angelica of the East. Gorgeous in coloring, and filled with chivalrous incident, it was thrice reprinted be- fore 1520, passed throiigh sixteen editions before 1545, and. early translated into French, has gone into almost every European language. Three additional books were written by Xiceolo degli Agostini (1506-31), which, though very medio- Vou III.— ic. ore, have remained a part of the poem. In 1541 Francesco Berni brought out his rifacimento, and in 1545 another version was completed by l.odovico Domenichi, both of which proved more popular than the original, though not so meri- torious. The poem is the more famous as hav- ing suggested Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Al- most forgotten, the original form was issued by Panizzi in 1830-31. Other works by Boiardo are: Kunnetti e canzoni (1499); H Ti'mone (1500); Carmen Bucolicon (1500); Capitoli in terza rima (1523) ; Apulejo delV asino d'oro (1516) ; .•Isiiio d'oro de Luciano tradotto in volgare (1523); Erodoto Alicarnasseo istorico, tradotto di greco in lingua italiana (1533). Consult Panizzi, lioiardo, Orlando Innamorato; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso. with an essay on the Romantic Xarrative Poetry of the Italians, Jletnoirs, and Notes (9 vols., London, 1830). BOIELDIEU, bwiil'dye', Fraxcois-Adrien (1775-1834). An eminent composer of French opera coniir/ue. He was born December 15, 1775, in Rouen, son of an archbishop's secretary. He ran away from his teacher, the organist Broche, to Paris ( 1787 ) . whence he was ignominiously brought back ; and Broche's lessons seem to have been all the formal instruction that Boieldieu re- ceived. The local success of his operas La fille rrnipable (1793) and liosalie et llyrta (1795) induced him to go again to Paris, where he had to earn a living by tuning pianos for the Erards. Here he made the acquaintance of Mehul, Cheru- bini, and the tenor Carat, who made Boieldieu famous by singing his songs in public. Les deux lettres (1796) and La famille Suisse (1797) had an enormous success at the Opera Comique. He published various instrumental pieces and then triumphed again with Lc Calil'e dc Bagdad ( 1800 i . Some caustic remarks of Cherubini about "unde- served success" made Boieldieu apply himself to serious study of counterpoint, the results of which were noticeable in Ma iante Aurore (1802). About this time his home life became so unbear- able that he removed to Saint Petersburg (1803) to become maiire de cha/ielle to the Court. In the eight years of his sojourn there he produced no work of merit, though bound by contract to write three operas annually in addition to other speci- fied <luties. Lung trouble hastened his return to Paris, where Jean de Paris (1812) was hailed with delight. He succeeded MC'hul (q.v. ) as pro- fessor of composition in 1817; Le chaperon rouge was given in 1818, and after a seven-year silence. La rlunic blanche, generally conceded to be his masterpiece, created a veritable sens.ation. The next work, Les deux nulls ( 1829) , had only a sucecs d'estime, and Boieldieu did not try his hand again. He retired from the Conservatory on a pension, but this was revoked by the Govern- ment in 1830. Boieldieu died near Grosbois, Octo- ber 8, 1834, of laryngeal phthisis, his suffer- ings somewhat relieved by the care and love of his second wife. His operas — of which La dame blanche, Jean de Paris, and Le Calife de Bagdad still hold the stage — are the finest ex- amples of opera comique in its earlier stage of development. Genuine comedy, intei-mingled with romanticism, seductive melody, orchestra- tion that fairly glows with color yet never ob- scures the voice, grace, delicacy, and unflagging interest — such are the characteristics of Boiel- dieu's music. The list of works written in collab- oration with Cherubini, Mehul, Isouard, Berton,